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Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology 1-2 Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – Physiology – Structure is always related to function 1-3 Levels of Organization Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell Tissue – loose connective tissue, muscle tissue Organ – skin, femur Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system Organism - human 1-4 Levels of Organization 1-5 Characteristics of Life Movement – Responsiveness – Growth – Reproduction – Respiration – 1-6 Characteristics of Life Digestion – Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids Circulation – Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into different substances Excretion – 1-7 Requirements of Organisms Water - required for transport - regulates body temperature Food - supply raw materials 1-8 Requirements of Organisms Oxygen - one-fifth of air - Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions Pressure - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing 1-9 Homeostasis Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment Homeostatic Mechanisms – •Receptors - provide information •Control center - tells what a particular value should be •Effectors - causes responses to change internal environment 1-10 • Negative feedback- maintains homeostatic – Most feedback mechanisms in body use this • Positive feedback-blood clot stimulates more clotting – baby suckles stimulates more milk Homeostatic Mechanisms 1-11 Body Cavities 1-12 Serous Membranes Line walls of thoracic and abdominal cavities and organs Visceral layer – Parietal layer – Thoracic Membranes Abdominopelvic Membranes •Visceral pleura •Visceral peritoneum •Parietal pleura •Parietal peritoneum •Visceral pericardium •Parietal pericardium 1-13 Serous Membranes 1-14 Organ Systems 1-15 Organ Systems 1-16 Organ Systems 1-17 Life-Span Changes Aging begins right after child birth Woman over 35 may have advanced maternal age 40-50 gray hair, wrinkles, high blood pressure 60 waning immunity makes vaccinations more important 1-18 Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward Terms of Relative Position • Superior versus Inferior •Anterior versus Posterior •Medial versus Lateral •Ipsilateral versus Contralateral •Proximal versus Distal •Superficial versus Deep 1-18 Body Sections •Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median •Transverse / Cross •Coronal or Frontal •Oblique sagittal.mov coronal.mov transverse.mov 1-19 Abdominal Subdivisions 1-20 Body Regions 1-21 Clinical Application Medical Imaging •Noninvasive procedures •Provide images of soft internal structures Ultrasonography •Use of highfrequency sound waves •Relatively quick and inexpensive Magnetic Resonance Imaging •Requires injection of dye •Produces computerized transverse, frontal, and sagittal sections of area being studied 1-22
