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Chapter
1
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
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Chapter 1
Introduction to Human Anatomy
and Physiology
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Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – study of structure
Physiology – study of function
Structure is always related to function
-Form follows function
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Levels of Organization
Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom
Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule
Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule
Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus
Cell – smallest living part; nerve cell
Tissue – group of same cells working together; adipose tissue
Organ – group of tissues working together; skin
Organ System – group of organs working together; skeletal
system
Organism - groups of systems working together; human
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Levels of Organization
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Characteristics of Life
Composed of Cells
Movement – change in position; motion
Responsiveness – reaction to a change
Growth/Maturation – increase in size, maturity
Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing
carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods
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Characteristics of Life
Digestion – breakdown of food substances
Absorption – passage of substances through
membranes and into body fluids
Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into
different substances
Excretion – removal of wastes
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Requirements of Organisms
Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport
- regulates body temperature
Food
- supply energy
- supply raw materials
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Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
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Homeostasis
Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the
internal environment and corrects any changes
•Receptors - provide information
•Control center - tells what a particular value should be
•Effectors - causes responses to change internal
environment
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Homeostatic Mechanisms
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Our bodies can be divided into
different sections:
• Portions
– Axial: head, neck,
trunk
– Appendicular: upper
and lower limbs
• Cavities
– Dorsal: cranial,
vertebral
– Ventral: thoracic,
abdominopelvic
Body Cavities
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Serous Membranes
Visceral layer – covers an organ
Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes
•Visceral pleura
•Parietal pleura
•Visceral pericardium
•Parietal pericardium
Abdominopelvic Membranes
•Visceral peritoneum
•Parietal peritoneum
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Serous Membranes
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Organ Systems
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Organ Systems
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Organ Systems
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Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward,
upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward
Terms of Relative Position
• Superior versus Inferior
•Anterior versus Posterior
•Medial versus Lateral
•Ipsilateral versus Contralateral
•Proximal versus Distal
•Superficial versus Deep
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Body Sections
•Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median
•Transverse or Horizontal
•Coronal or Frontal
•Oblique
Cylindrical objects:
•Cross section
•Oblique section
•Longitudinal section
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Abdominal Subdivisions
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Body Regions
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Clinical Application
Medical Imaging
•Noninvasive procedures
•Provide images of soft internal
structures
Ultrasonography
•Use of highfrequency sound
waves
•Relatively quick
and inexpensive
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
•Requires injection of dye
•Produces computerized
transverse, frontal, and
sagittal sections of area
being studied
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