Download Axial skeleton

Anatomy & Physiology
SIXTH EDITION
The Axial Skeleton
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by
Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Frederic H. Martini
Fundamentals of
Skeletal system includes both:
• Axial skeleton
• Skull
• Auditory ossicles and hyoid bone
• Vertebral column
• Thoracic cage
• Appendicular skeleton
• Pectoral and pelvic girdles
• Upper and lower limbs
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Figure 7.1b The Axial Skeleton
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Figure 7.1b
The skull
• Consists of the cranium and the bones of the face
• The cranium encloses cranial cavity
• Facial bones surround and protect the entrances to
the respiratory and digestive tracts
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Facial bones
• Maxillary bones
• Inferior nasal conchae
• Mandible
• Zygomatic bones
• Palatine bones
• Lacrimal bones
• Nasal bones
• Hyoid
• Vomer
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Cranial Bones
• one occipital bone
• foramen magnum
• two temporal bones
• auditory ossicles
• two parietal bones
• one sphenoid
• one frontal bone
• one ethmoid
• frontal sinuses
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Figure 7.2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of
the Skull
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Figure 7.2
• Superficial landmarks include the sutures
• Lambdoid
• Coronal
• Sagittal
• Squamous
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Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull
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Figure 7.3a, b
Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull – lateral view
Tympanic region
of temporal bone
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Figure 7.3c
Paranasal Sinuses
• Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
• Functions of paranasal sinuses:
• Lighten the skull
• Give resonance and amplification to voice
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7.12 The Mandible and Hyoid Bones
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Figure 7.12a
The Hyoid Bone
• The only bone that does not
articulate with another bone
• Serves as a moveable base for
the tongue
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull
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Figure 7.3d
Figure 7.11 The Bones of the Face
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Figure 7.11
Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull
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Figure 7.3e
Figure 7.4 The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull
Lesser wing
Greater wings
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Figure 7.4b
Anatomy & Physiology
SIXTH EDITION
The Axial Skeleton
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by
Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Frederic H. Martini
Fundamentals of
SECTION 7-3
The Vertebral Column
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vertebral column
• Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
• 7 cervical vertebrae
• 12 thoracic vertebrae
• 5 lumbar vertebrae
• Sacrum and coccyx are fused vertebrae
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Spinal curvature
• Four spinal curves
• Primary (accommodation) curves = thoracic and sacral
• Appear in fetal development / accommodate the
thoracic and abdominal viscera
• Secondary (compensation) curves = lumbar and cervical
• Appear several month after birth / help shift weight
from trunk to lower limbs
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Figure 7.16 The Vertebral Column
Primary/acommodation
curves
Secondary,compensation
curves
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Figure 7.16
Vertebral anatomy
• Typically has a body and vertebral arch
• Superior and inferior articular processes
• Separated by intervertebral discs
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Figure 7.18 Vertebral Anatomy
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Figure 7.18
Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sacrum
• Protects reproductive, digestive and urinary
organs
• Articulates with pelvic girdle and fused
elements of coccyx
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Figure 7.22 The Sacrum and Coccyx
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Figure 7.22
Thoracic cage
• Thoracic vertebrae
• Ribs
• Sternum
• Ribs and sternum forms the rib cage
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Figure 7.23 The Thoracic Cage
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Figure 7.23a
Figure 7.23 The Thoracic Cage
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Figure 7.23b
The ribs
• Ribs 1-7 are attached to vertebrae (“true ribs”)
• 8-12 are attached to the cartilage of the 7th rib (“false
ribs”)
• 11-12 are floating ribs
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Typical rib
• Has a head, neck, tubercle and a body
• Costal groove marks pathway of blood returning to the
heart
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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Sternum consists of
• Manubrium
• Body
• Xiphoid process
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Figure 7.23 The Thoracic Cage
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Figure 7.23