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Chapter 1
The Human Body:
An Orientation
Part B
Shilla Chakrabarty, Ph.D.
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The Compound Light Microscope
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Anatomical Position
• Standard anatomical
body position:
• Body erect
• Feet slightly apart
• Palms facing
forward
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Body Positions
• Supine position
Body lying down with face up
• Prone position
Body lying with face down
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Table 1.1
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Table 1.1
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Table 1.1
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Table 1.1
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Table 1.1
Regional Terms
Regional terms designate specific areas
Two major divisions of body:
Axial
• Head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular
• Limbs
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Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Oral
Mental
Cervical
Thoracic
Axillary
Mammary
Sternal
Abdominal
Umbilical
Pelvic
Inguinal
(groin)
Pubic
(genital)
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
(a) Anterior/Ventral
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Upper limb
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Manus (hand)
Palmar
Pollex
Digital
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Crural (leg)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Metatarsal
Digital
Hallux
Figure 1.7a
Upper limb
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Olecranal
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Manus (hand)
Metacarpal
Digital
Lower limb
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal
Sural (calf)
Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot)
Calcaneal
Plantar
Cephalic
Otic
Occipital (back
of head)
Cervical
Back (dorsal)
Scapular
Vertebral
Lumbar
Sacral
Gluteal
Perineal (between
anus and external
genitalia)
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
(b) Posterior/Dorsal
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Figure 1.7b
Body Planes
Plane: Flat surface along which body or structure is cut
for anatomical study
Sagittal plane: Divides body vertically into right and
left parts; produces a sagittal section
• Midsagittal (median) plane: Lies on midline
• Parasagittal plane: Not on midline
Frontal (coronal) plane: Divides body vertically into
anterior and posterior parts
Transverse (horizontal) plane: Divides body
horizontally into superior and inferior parts; produces a
cross section
Oblique section: Cuts made diagonally
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Body Planes
Frontal plane
Median (midsagittal) plane
Transverse plane
(a) Frontal section
(through torso)
(b) Transverse section
(through torso,
inferior view)
Pancreas
(c) Median section
(midsagittal)
Aorta
Spleen
Left and
Liver Heart Spleen
right lungs
Stomach
Arm
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Liver
Spinal cord
Body wall
Subcutaneous fat layer
Intestines
Rectum
Vertebral
column
Figure 1.8
Body Positions
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Anatomical Variability
• Over 90% of all
anatomical structures
match textbook
descriptions, but:
 Nerves or blood
vessels may be
somewhat out of place
 Small muscles may be
missing
Variations Of The Superior Thyroid Artery
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Body Cavities
Dorsal cavity: Protects nervous system
Subdivisions are:
• Cranial cavity: Encases the brain
• Vertebral cavity: Encases spinal
cord
 Ventral cavity: Houses internal organs
Subdivisions are:
• Thoracic cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity
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Body Cavities
Cranial
cavity
Cranial
cavity
(contains
brain)
Dorsal
body
cavity
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Superior
mediastinum
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Diaphragm
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
Vertebral
cavity
(contains
spinal
cord)
(a) Lateral view
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Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
Abdomino- abdominopelvic
pelvic
cavities)
cavity
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
(b) Anterior view
Figure 1.9a-b
Ventral Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity subdivisions:
Two pleural cavities
• Each houses a lung
Mediastinum
• Contains the pericardial cavity
• Surrounds thoracic organs
Pericardial cavity
• Encloses heart
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Ventral Body Cavities
Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions:
Abdominal cavity
• Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and
liver
Pelvic cavity
• Contains urinary bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum
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Body Cavities
Cranial
cavity
Cranial
cavity
(contains
brain)
Dorsal
body
cavity
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Superior
mediastinum
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Diaphragm
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
Vertebral
cavity
(contains
spinal
cord)
(a) Lateral view
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Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
Abdomino- abdominopelvic
pelvic
cavities)
cavity
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
(b) Anterior view
Figure 1.9a-b
Outer balloon wall
(comparable to parietal serosa)
Air (comparable to serous cavity)
Serous Membrane
(Serosa)
Inner balloon wall
(comparable to visceral serosa)
Serosa:
 Covering membranes for body
cavities that do not open to
the exterior
 Thin, double-layered
membrane separated by
serous fluid
• Parietal serosa lines
internal body walls
• Visceral serosa covers the
internal organs
Heart
Parietal
pericardium
Pericardial
space with
serous fluid
Visceral
pericardium
(b) The serosae associated with the heart.
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Figure 1.10a-b
Outer balloon wall
(comparable to parietal serosa)
Air (comparable to serous cavity)
Inner balloon wall
(comparable to visceral serosa)
Heart
Parietal
pericardium
Pericardial
space with
serous fluid
Visceral
pericardium
(b) The serosae associated with the heart.
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Figure 1.10a-b
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)
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Figure 1.11
Abdominopelvic Regions
Right
Epigastric
hypochondriac
region
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Right iliac Hypogastric
(inguinal) (pubic)
region
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Left
lumbar
region
Left iliac
(inguinal)
region
(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes
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Liver
Diaphragm
Gallbladder
Stomach
Ascending colon of
large intestine
Transverse colon
of large intestine
Small intestine
Descending colon
of large intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Initial part of
sigmoid colon
Urinary bladder
(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs
Figure 1.12
Other Body Cavities
• Oral and digestive cavities
• Nasal cavity
• Orbital cavities
• Middle ear cavities
• Synovial cavities
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