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Systematic Anatomy
主讲：李文春
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Introduction
一、Concept and division
Human Anatomy is the
science which deals with the
gross morphology and
spatial interrelations of the
structure of the body .For
medical students, human
anatomy is the basic course
of preclinical and clinical
curriculum.
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systematic anatomy
macroanatomy
microanatomy
human
anatomy
regional anatomy
histology
cytology
embryology
surgical anatomy
（division） surface anatomy
X-ray anatomy
sectional anatomy
locomotive anatomy
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systematic anatomy
regional anatomy
Digestive system
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Histology
Embryology
skin
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surgical anatomy
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surface anatomy
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X-ray anatomy
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sectional anatomy
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locomotive anatomy
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四、The parts and systems
of the body
Ⅰ.the human body is
divided into ten parts.
the heat
the neck
the thorax
the back
the abdomen
the pelvis and perineum
the upper limbs
the lower limbs
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Ⅱ. There are nine systems in human body
Locomotor system
Alimentary (Digestive) system
Respiratory system
Urinary system
Reproductive system
Endocrine system
Circulatory system
Sense organs
Nervous system
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五、The anatomical position,terms of direction,
axis and planes
Ⅰ. The anatomical
position
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Ⅱ.The terms of direction
Superior and inferior
Anterior and posterior
(ventral) and ( dorsal)
Medial and lateral
Internal and external
Superficial and profundal
Proximal and distal
Ulnar and radial
Tibial and fibular
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Ⅲ .The axis and planes
axis
vertical axis
sagittal axis
frontal axis
side
sagittal plane
frontal plane
horizontal plane
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vertical axis
frontal
axis
sagittal axis
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运 动 系 统
Locomotor system
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The locomotor system consists of bones,
joints and muscles
origin
belly
tendon
insertion
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Chapter 1 Osteology (The bone system)
Section 1 The general description
According to the
location of the bones, it
can be divided into
skull , bones of trunk,
bones of limbs.The
former two form the
axial bone
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一、The shape and classification
of the bones
long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones
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1.long bones are found in
limbs , it consists of a body
and two ends.
Medullary cavity
Epiphysial cartilage
Epiphysis
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2.short bones
the short bones
distribute in wrist
and foot.
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3.flat bones
they distribute in skull and chest.
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4.irregular bones
the irregular bones are greatly varied in
shape, such as cranial bones and vertebrae.
sinus
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二、the structure of bones
The living bones consist
of bony substance,
periosteum and bone
marrow.
periosteum
Bony
substance
Bone
marrow
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1.bony substance：
(1)Compact bone:坚实致密，配布于骨表面。
(2)Spongy bone：呈海绵状，配布于骨的内
部，由骨小梁组成。
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2.periosteum
It covers the surface of
the bone (except the
articular part) ,it consists of
two layers : an outer and an
inner membrane. The
periosteum abounds with
blood vessels, nerves and
lymphatic vessels, the inner
layer has a lot of bone
forming cells.
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3.bone marrow:
bone marrow is found in
the medullary cavities of long
bones and within spaces in
spongy bone. There are two
kinds of bone marrow, red
and yellow . Under 5 years old,
there are all red marrow in
the medullary cavity, but after
5 years old the red marrow
can turn into yellow marrow.
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Red marrow
Yellow marrow
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三、The chemical composition and physical
properties of bone
Living
bones are
plastic
tissues with
organic and
inorganic.
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inorganic
organic
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Section 2 The axial bone
一、The bones of trunk
The bones of trunk
include the vertebrae,the
sternum and the ribs,which
provide framework for the
vertebral column, the
thoracic cage and the
pelvis.
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(一）The vertebrae
In a child,the normal
number the separate
vertebrae is 32 or 33.
Cervical vertebrae: C7
Thoracic vertebrae:T12
Lumbar vertebrae: L5
Sacral vertebrae: S5
Coccygeal vertebrae: Co3~4
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1.The general features
of the vertebrae
vertebral body
vertebral foramen
vertebral canal
vertebral arch
pedicle of vertebral arch
intervertebral foramen
laminae of vertebral arch
spinous process
Seven processes transverse processes
articular processes
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2.The main characteristics
of vertebrae in each region
(1) Thoracic vertebrae
① the body is heart-shaped.
② costal fovea.
③ articular facets of
articular processes are
relatively vertical.
④ the spinous process are
long and downward sloping
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2.The main characteristics
of vertebrae in each region
(2) Cervical vertebrae
① the body is small.
② articular facets of
articular processes are
relatively horizontal.
③ vertebral foramen is
large and is nearly triangular.
④ they are the transverse
formen.
⑤ the spinous process are
short and bifid.
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2.The main characteristics
of vertebrae in each region
(2) Cervical vertebrae
⑥ the first cervical
vertebrae is known as
atlas.
⑦the second cervical
vertebrae is known as
axis.
⑧the seventh cervical
vertebrae is known as
vertebra prominens.
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2.The main characteristics
of vertebrae in each region
(3) Lumbar vertebrae
① the body is large.
② vertebral foramen is
triangular.
③ articular facets of
articular processes are
almost sagittal.
④ the spinous process
are strong ,short, square
and horizontal.
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2.The main characteristics
of vertebrae in each region
(4) The sacrum
promontory
anterior sacral foramina
sacral hiatus
sacral cornu
(5) The coccyx
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(二）The sternum
It consists of three
parts, the manubrium,
body and xiphoid
process
sternal angle
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(三）The ribs(costae)
A rib consists of the
costal bone and costal
cartilage.
true ribs: 1~7
false ribs: 8~12
costal arch: 8~10
floating ribs: 11~12
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(三）The ribs(costae)
costal bone
costal heat
costal neck
costal tubercle
shaft of rib
costal angle
costal groove
costal cartilage.
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