Download Lower Appendicular Skeleton

Skeletal System
Chapter 7
Bellringer
1. What is the purpose of a house frame?
2. Set up a venn diagram to
compare a house frame to the
human skeletal system?
Functions of the Skeletal System
1. Bones shape, support, and protect body
structures
2. Aid body movements
3. House tissues that produce blood cells
4. Serves as points of muscle attachment
5. Storehouse of minerals
Bellringer
• What do you know about the structure of
bones?
• Recall from biology that birds have hollow
bones. What are the advantages of having
hollow bones?
• Which do you think would be stronger,
hollow bones or solid bones?
Activity
1. Roll up 3 pieces of paper so they are about 1
inch wide.
2. Stand them on end and place a paper plate
on top of them.
3. Add weight until they collapse. How much
weight did they hold?
4. Repeat, rolling the paper up as tightly as
possible, so there is no hollow middle. How
much weight could they support?
Bone Structure
• Bones differ greatly in size and shape, but are
similar in structure.
• Broader area at the ends is called the
“epiphysis”.
• Epiphysis is covered with hyaline cartilage
(???) called “articular*** cartilage”.
• The shaft of the bone is called the
“diaphysis”.
Bone Structure, continued….
• “periosteum” = ???
• Periosteum is a vascular (???) covering of
fibrous tissue that completely covers the
bone, except for the articular cartilage on the
ends.
– Tendons and ligaments attach to the periosteum.
– Helps form and repair bone tissue.
Bone Structure, continued….
• Compact bone (cortical bone)
– Tightly packed
– Continuous matrix with no gaps
– Makes up the walls of the diaphysis
• Spongy bone (cancellous bone)
– Consists of branching bony plates with
connecting spaces, which reduce weight
– Makes up the epiphyses (plural form), with thin
layers of compact bone on their surfaces
• Some bones have more dense spongy bone
than others. WHY?
Bone Structure, continued….
• “Medullary cavity” – hollow chamber in the
diaphysis that is continuous with (???) the
spongy bone (located where?)
• “endosteum” = ?
• Endosteum is a thin layer of cells lining the
medullary cavity.
• “Marrow” – specialized type of soft _______
tissue that fills the cavity.
Label Diagram Handout
Skull
• Usually consists of 22 bones, all of which
(except the lower jaw) are firmly interlocked
along lines called “sutures”.
– Cranium = 8 bones
– Facial skeleton = 13 bones + lower jaw
– Lower jaw bone is called the mandible, and is the
only movable bone.
Cranium
• Functions:
– Encloses and protects the brain
– Provides attachments for muscles that make
chewing and head movement possible
– Has air-filled, mucous-membrane-lined (??),
sinus cavities
Cranial Bones
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Frontal bone
Parietal bones (2)
Occipital bone
Temporal bones (2)
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Cranial Bones, continued…..
• Frontal bone
– Anterior portion of skull above the eyes
– Houses 2 frontal sinuses, one above each eye near
the midline
• Parietal bones
– One on each side of the skull just behind the
frontal bone
– Form bulging sides and roof of cranium
– Fused at midline (sagittal suture) and to frontal
bone (coronal suture)
Cranial Bones, continued…..
• Occipital bone
– Joins the parietal bones (lambdoidal suture)
– Forms back of skull and base of cranium
– Foramen magnum – opening at bottom of
occipital bone for nerve processes to connect to
spinal cord
– Occipital condyles – rounded processes on each
side of foramen magnum that articulate with 1st
vertebra
Cranial Bones, continued…..
• Temporal bones
– On each side of the skull
– Joins parietal bone (squamosal suture)
– Form parts of sides and base of cranium
– External auditory meatus (???)
– Mandibular fossae – depressions in the temporal
bone that articulate with condyles (???) of the
mandible
Cranial Bones, continued…..
• Temporal bones, continued….
– Below each external auditory meatus:
• Mastoid process – rounded attachment for certain
neck muscles
• Styloid process – long, pointed anchor for muscles
associated with tongue and pharynx
– Zygomatic process
• Projects anteriorly (???) from temporal bone, joins the
zygomatic bone (“cheek bone”), and helps form
prominence of the cheek
Cranial Bones, continued…..
• Sphenoid bone
– Wedged between several other bones in anterior
portion of cranium
– Has a central portion and 2 wing-like structures
that extend laterally (???)
– Helps form base of cranium, sides of skull, and
sides of orbits (“eye sockets”)
– Midline of sphenoid bone has a depression (sella
turcica) that houses pituitary gland
– Contains 2 sphenoidal sinuses
Cranial Bones, continued…..
• Ethmoid bone
– Located in front of sphenoid bone
– Consists of 2 masses, one on each side of nasal cavity
• Masses joined by thin cribriform plates (???)
• Cribriform plates form part of nasal cavity roof.
– Crista galli – triangular process between cribriform
plates
– Perpendicular plate
• projects downward from cribriform plates
• helps form nasal septum
Cranial Bones, continued…..
• Ethmoid bone, continued…..
– Superior nasal concha and middle nasal concha project inward from lateral portions of ethmoid
bone toward perpendicular plate
– Lateral portions of ethmoid bone contain small
air spaces (ethmoidal sinuses)
Facial Skeleton
• Maxillae (2)
– Form the upper jaw
– Portions comprise the anterior (???) roof of the
mouth (“hard palate”), the floors of the orbits
(???), and the sides and floor of the nasal cavity.
– Contain sockets of the upper teeth
– “Maxillary sinuses”
• Inside the maxillae, lateral (???) to nasal cavity
• The largest of the sinuses
Facial Bones, continued….
• Maxillae, continued….
– “Palatine processes” fuse midline (???) to form
anterior section of hard palate
– Teeth are found in cavities in the “alveolar arch”
(aka “dental arch”) formed by the “alveolar
processes” projecting downward from the
inferior (???) border of the maxillae.
Facial Bones, continued….
• Palatine bones
– Behind the maxillae
– Horizontal portions form posterior (???) section
of hard palate and floor of nasal cavity
– Perpendicular portions help form lateral (???)
walls of nasal cavity
Facial Bones, continued…..
• Zygomatic bones (“???”)
– Also help form lateral walls and floors of the
orbits
– Each bone has a “temporal process” that
connects to the zygomatic process (forming the
zygomatic arch).
• Lacrimal bones
– Thin, scale-like structure in medial wall (??) of
each orbit between ethmoid bone and maxilla
Facial Bones, continued…..
• Nasal bones
– Long, thin, and nearly rectangular
– Lie side by side and fused at midline to form
bridge of nose
• Vomer bone
– Thin and flat
– Along midline in nasal cavity
– Joins perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
posteriorly (???) to form nasal septum
Facial Bones, continued…..
• Inferior nasal conchae
– Fragile, scroll-shaped bones attached to lateral
walls (???) of nasal cavity
– Support mucous membranes in nasal cavity
• Mandible (“???”)
– Upward projection at ends:
• Posterior “mandibular condyle” articulates with
mandibular fossae on _______ bone
• Anterior “coronoid process” provides attachments for
muscles for chewing
– “Alveolar arch” – curved, superior (???) border
that contains sockets for lower teeth
Vertebral Column & Thoracic Cage
• Note-taking guide
• Marieb’s worksheets
Appendicular Skeleton
Upper
Appendicular
Skeleton Bone
Lower
Appendicular
Skeleton Bone
Clavicle
Ischium/Pubis
Scapula
Ilium
Humerus
Femur
Radius
Tibia
Ulna
Fibula
Carpals
Tarsals
Metacarpals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Phalanges
Similarities
Differences
Pectoral Girdle
• Clavicle – collarbone
– Anterior attachment (?)
– Posterior attachment (?)
• Scapula – shoulder blades
– Posterior attachment (?)
– Spine – divides posterior surface into 2 sections
– Coracoid process (“Corac” = ?) – curves to clavicle
– Acromion process – forms tip of shoulder
– Glenoid cavity (or fossa) – depression that
articulates with head of humerus
Label Diagrams
Upper Limb
•
•
•
•
•
•
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Humerus
•
•
•
•
Head fits into glenoid cavity of scapula
Greater tubercle – lateral process
Lesser tubercle – more anterior process
Intertubercular groove – narrow furrow “between
tubercles”
• Deltoid tuberosity – v-shaped, rough area where
_________ muscles attach to humerus
• Olecranon fossa – posterior depression that
receives an ulnar process when elbow is
straightened
• Coronoid fossa – anterior depression that receives a
radial process when elbow is bent
Radius
• Shorter bone of lower arm
• Located on thumb side of arm
• Disc-like head articulates with humeru and
with radial notch of the ulna (so your arm can
rotate)
• Radial tuberosity, a process below the head,
provides attachment for biceps
• Styloid process – at distal end; attachment for
wrist ligaments
Ulna
• Longer than radius
• Overlaps distal end of humerus posteriorly
• Proximal end has a wrenchlike opening called
the trochlear notch (articulates w/humerus)
– Oleacronon process – top process
– Coronoid process – bottom process
– Radial notch – just below trochlear notch
• Head – at distal end; articulates with ulnar
notch of radius
• Styloid process – attachment for wrist
ligaments
Label Diagrams
Wrist
• Wrist made of 8 carpal bones
– “Some lovers try positions that they can’t
handle.”
– Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
Hand
• 5 metacarpals
– Numbered 1-5, starting at thumb
– Bones between wrist (carpals) and fingers (?)
– Rounded distal ends form knuckles
• Each finger, except thumb, has 3 phalanges:
– Proximal phalanx
– Middle phalanx
– Distal phalanx
– Thumb only has no middle phalanx.
Pelvic Girdle
• Composed of sacrum, coccyx, and 2 coxae
(hipbones)
• Coxae have 3 distinct parts:
– Ilium
– Ischium
– Pubis
Pelvic Girdle, continued…..
• Coxae parts fuse together in the acetabulum,
a cup-shaped area on the lateral surface of
the hip that receives the head of the femur.
Ilium
•
•
•
•
Largest and uppermost portion of the coxa
The upper edge is called the iliac crest
Joins the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint
Anterior superior iliac spine- the bony
prominence you
feel as your
“hipbone”
Ischium
• Forms the lowest portion of the coxa
• Ischial tuberosity
– Points posteriorly AND downward
– Supports the weight of the body when sitting
• Ischial spine – a sharp projection above the
ischial tuberosity, near the junction of the
ischium and ilium
Pubis
• Anterior portion of the coxa
• Two pubic bones join midline at the
symphysis pubis joint
• Pubic arch
– Angle formed by pubic bones below the
symphysis pubis
– Arch is wider in females
Female vs. Male Pelvis
Lower Limb
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Femur
• Longest and strongest bone in the body
• Head at top fits into __________of coxa
• Greater trochanter – superior, lateral
process
• Lesser trochanter – inferior, medial
process
• Distal end:
– Two rounded processes posteriorly:
lateral condyle and medial condyle
– Patella articulates anteriorly
Tibia
• aka, “shin bone”
• Proximal end:
– Medial and lateral condyles are concave
and articulate with condyles of the femur
– Tibial tuberosity just below the condyles;
attachment point for patellar ligament
• Distal end: medial malleolus forms
prominent bony point of inner ankle
Fibula
• Proximal: head
– Articulates with tibia just below the
lateral condyle
– DOES NOT enter into knee joint or
bear any weight
• Distal: lateral malleolus forms outer
prominent bony part of ankle
Ankle (Tarsals)
• “Tiger Cubs Need MILC”
• Talus (A)
Calcaneus (“heal bone”) (K)
Navicular (B)
Medial cuneiform (D)
Intermediate cuneiform (C)
Lateral cuneiform (I)
Cuboid (J)
Side View of the Bones of the Foot
Foot
• 5 metatarsals
– numbered 1-5 starting medially
– Heads at distal ends form the ball of the foot
• Phalanges
– Toes
– Each toe has 3 phalanges, except the big toe
– What are the phalanges of each toe called?
(HINT: Just like the fingers)
– Which phalanx is the big toe missing?
Joints
• AKA “articulations” – functional junctions
between bones
• Functions:
– Bind parts of the skeletal system
– Make bone growth possible
– Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape
during childbirth
– Enable the body to move in response to skeletal
muscle contractions
Types of Joints
• Fibrous joints
• Cartilaginous joints
• Synovial joints
– Ball-and-socket joints
– Condyloid joint
– Gliding joints
– Hinge joint
– Pivot joint
– Saddle joint
Fibrous Joints
• Between bones that closely contact each
other
• Bones are joined by thin layer of dense
connective tissue
• No big movement at these joints
• Where do you think they would be found?
Cartilaginous Joints
• Bones connected by hyaline cartilage
(fibrocartilage)
• Limited movement
• Examples: intervertebral discs, symphysis
pubis, rib 1 at the sternum
Synovial Joint
• Free movement
• Articular ends of bones are covered with
hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage).
• Bones are held together with a surrounding,
tubular capsule (joint capsule) of dense
connective tissue.
– Outer layer of ligaments
– Inner lining of synovial membrane, which
secretes synovial fluid that lubricates the joint
Synovial Joint, continued…..
• Some contain shock-absorbing pads of
fibrocartilage, called menisci (meniscus, sing.)
between articulating surfaces.
• Some have bursae, fluid-filled sacs which are
lined with synovial membranes. (Bursae are
commonly located between the skin and the
underlying bony prominence.)
Types of Synovial Joints
1. Ball-and-socket joint --- allows for widest
range of motion (Examples:????)
2. Condyloid joint
– oval-shaped condyle of one bone fits into
elliptical cavity of another
– No rotation movement
– EX: b/t phalanges and metacarpals
3. Gliding joint
– Articulating surfaces are nearly flat
– Allow sliding and twisting movement
– EX: carpals and tarsals
Types of Synovial Joints,
continued…..
4. Hinge joint
– Convex surface of one joint fits into concave
surface of another
– Resembles hinged door, allowing movement in
one plane only
– Examples: ?????
Types of Synovial Joints,
continued…..
5. Pivot joint
– Cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within
ring formed of bone and ligament
– Movement is only rotation around a central axis
– Example: Joint b/t proximal ends of radius and
ulna
6. Saddle joint
– Between bones with both convex and concave
regions
– Allows for variety of movement
– Example: Joint b/t metacarpal and carpal of
thumb
•
•
Which metacarpal is this?
What is the name of this carpal bone????
Types of Joint Movement
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Flexion – bending
Extension – straightening
Dorsiflexion – bending foot toward shin
Plantar flexion – bending foot toward sole
Hyperextension – extension BEYOND
anatomical position
6. Abduction – away from midline of body
7. Adduction – moving a part toward midline
Types of Joint Movement,
continued…..
8. Rotation – moving around an axis
9. Circumduction – moving a part so its END
follows a circular path
10. Pronation – turning hand posteriorly
11. Supination – turning hand anteriorly
12. Eversion – turning foot so sole faces laterally
13. Inversion – turning sole medially
14. Retraction – moving a part backward
15. Protraction – moving a part forward
Types of Joint Movement,
continued…..
16. Elevation – raising a part
17. Depression – lowering a part