Download Arteries of the Head and Neck

Arteries of the head & neck
• The face receives rich
blood supply from two
main vessels, the facial
and the superficial
temporal arteries.
• It is supplemented by
small vessels,
supratrochlear and
supraorbital from the
internal carotid artery
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Arteries of the head & neck
• Teeth and oral structures
are supplied by:
– Maxillary artery.
– Lingual artery.
All the arteries are
branches from the
external and internal
carotid arteries
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Arteries of the head & neck
• Common carotid artery:
– The right artery arise
from the brachiocephalic
artery and the left from
the arch of the aorta.
– Runs upward and back
and divide at the upper
border of the thyroid
cartilage into two terminal
branches the external and
internal arteries
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Arteries of the head & neck
• Carotid sinus:
• a localized dilatation at
the terminal part of
common carotid artery
– contain numerous nerve
endings from
glossopharyngeal nerve
– It serve as a pressoreceptor
that assist in regulating the
blood pressure in the
cerebral artery
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Arteries of the head & neck
• Carotid body:
– A small reddish structure, lies
posterior to the bifurcation
– innervated by
glossopharyngeal nerve
– A chemoreceptor sensitive
to anoxia, producing a rise
in blood pressure, heart
rate & increase in
respiration
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Arteries of the head & neck
• External Carotid Artery:
– It begins at the level of the
upper border of the thyroid
cartilage near the greater
horn of the hyoid bone and
terminates in the substance of
the parotid gland
– At The origin:
• It lies medial to the internal
carotid then it passes back
and lateral
Arteries of the head & neck
• The internal jugular vein
lies lateral but higher up
it passes posterior and
deep.
• It is overlapped by the
anterior border of the
sternocleidomastoid
muscle
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Arteries of the head & neck
– It pass upward deep to the
posterior belly of the
digastric and stylohyoid
muscles
– It pierces the deep lamina
of the parotid fascia and
enters the gland separated
from the internal carotid
by the deep part
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Arteries of the head & neck
• Branches:
– Three from in front:
• Superior thyroid
• Lingual
• Facial
– Diverge widely
from each other
– Two from behind:
• Occipital
• Posterior auricular
– pass up along the
upper and lower
border of digastric
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Arteries of the head & neck
• One medial:
– Ascending pharyngeal
• ascend along the side
wall of the pharynx
• Two terminal:
– Maxillary
– Superficial temporal
• Within the substance
of the parotid
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Arteries of the head & neck
• Superior thyroid:
– Runs vertically downward to
the upper pole of the thyroid
cartilage
– Branches:
• The superior laryngeal
artery
• A branch to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
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Arteries of the head & neck
• Lingual artery:
– It form a loop opposite the
tip of the greater horn of the
hyoid bone
– Pass deep to the hyoglossus
muscle to enter the
submandibular region
– Branches:
• Dorsal lingual:
– ascend to the dorsum & tip of
tongue
• Sublingual artery:
–
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sublingual salivary gland &
structures
Arteries of the head & neck
• Facial artery:
– Ascend upward on the
superior constrictor muscle
and deep to the digastric and
stylohyoid muscles and
submandibular gland
– Indent the surface and makes
an S bend around the gland
and cross the inferior border
of the mandible at the anterior
border of the masseter
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Arteries of the head & neck
– Runs upward in a tortuous
course to the angle of the
mouth under the platysma
– Ascend deep to zygomaticus
and the levator labii superioris
along the side of the nose to
the medial angle of the eye
– Anastomose with the terminal
branches of the ophthalmic
artery
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Facial artery:
Arteries of the head & neck
• Branches:
– Five in number then
terminate as the angular
artery
• Tonsillar artery:
– Tonsil and soft palate
• Submental artery:
– Skin of the chin and
lower lip, anterior
belly of digastric and
mylohyoid muscle and
sublingual salivary
gland.
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Facial artery:
Arteries of the head & neck
• Inferior labial artery:
– Runs medially in lower
lip, anatomizing with
opposite.
• Superior labial artery:
– Upper lip, nasal
septum and ala of nose
• Lateral nasal artery:
– Skin on the lateral and
dorsum of nose
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Facial artery:
Arteries of the head & neck
• Occipital artery:
– Arises from the back at the
level of the facial artery
– Ascend backward along
the lower border of the
posterior belly of the
digastric muscle.
• Supply the back of the
scalp
• the posterior triangle
• two branches to the
sternocleidomastoid
muscle
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Arteries of the head & neck
• Posterior auricular artery:
– Arises above the upper
border of the digastric
muscle
– Branches:
– Auricular branches:
• supply the pinna of ear
– Stylomastoid branch:
• supply the facial nerve
– Stapedial branch:
• To the stapedius muscle
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Arteries of the head & neck
• Ascending pharyngeal artery:
– Arises from the medial
side at the beginning of
the external carotid
artery.
– Run deep to the internal
carotid along the side
wall of the pharynx
• Supply the pharyngeal
wall and soft palate
• Meningeal branches
through foramina
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Arteries of the head & neck
• Maxillary artery:
– One of the two terminal
branches of the external
carotid artery.
– Enter the infratemporal
fossa deep to the condyle
with the
Auriculotemporal nerve
superficial to it.
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Arteries of the head & neck
• Pass between the two
heads of lateral pterygoid
muscle deep into the
pterygomaxillary fissure
and enter the pterygopalatine fossa
• Leaves the fossa through
the foramen and become
the sphenopalatine artery
to the nose
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Maxillary artery:
Arteries of the head & neck
• Branches
– Descriptively it is in three parts
in relation to the muscle,
– each part gives five branches
– Branches from the first and
third part enter bony foramina
• First part
– Before it reaches the
muscle
• Second part
– On the muscle
• Third part
– After the muscle
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Maxillary artery:
Arteries of the head & neck
•
•
The first part:
Inferior alveolar artery:
–
Passes downward and
forward and join the
nerve and the vein at the
mandibular foreman
passes forward in the ID canal supplying the
body
–
•
•
•
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Dental branches
supply lower teeth
Mental branch supply
the lip and skin
Atrophies in old age
when the bone resorb
Maxillary artery:
Arteries of the head & neck
–
Middle meningeal artery:
•
Enter the skull through
foramen spinosum
Supply the base of the skull
•
–
Accessory meningeal nerve:
•
Enter the skull through
foramen ovale
Chief arterial supply for the
trigeminal ganglion
•
–
Deep auricular artery:
•
–
Supply the external acoustic
meatus
Anterior tympanic artery:
•
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Join the anastomosis around
the tympanic membrane
Arteries of the head & neck
• The second part:
– This supply the pterygoid
and the temporalis muscle,
other accompany the lingual
and long buccal nerves
• The third part:
– Posterior superior alveolar
nerve:
• Accompany nerves and enter
the bone through foramina
in the posterior wall of the
maxilla
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Arteries of the head & neck
– Greater palatine artery
• Enter the foramen and
supply the hard palate
– Pharyngeal branches:
• Enter the palatovaginal
canal
– Artery of the pterygoid
canal
– Infraorbital artery:
• Enter the inferior orbital
fissure along the floor of
the orbit then to the
infraorbital canal and
emerges in the face
through the infraorbital
foramen
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Arteries of the head & neck
• Superficial temporal artery:
– Is a terminal branch of the
external carotid passes
behind the TMJ crossing the
posterior root of the
zygomatic arch
– Branches widely and supply
the skin over the temporalis
fascia
– Middle temporal artery
• pierces the fascia and run
deep to the muscle
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Arteries of the head & neck
• Supraorbital artery:
– Is a branch of the
ophthalmic artery and
emerge with the nerve
– Is a large branch supply
the front of the scalp up to
the vertex
– Anastomoses with the
superficial temporal artery
connecting the external &
internal carotid arteries
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Arteries of the head & neck
• Supratrochlear artery:
– A branch of the ophthalmic,
from the internal carotid
artery
– Supply the frontal part of the
skull medially
– Anastomose with the
superficial temporal artery
establishing a free
communication between the
internal and external carotid
arteries
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Arteries of the head & neck
• Clinically:
– External carotid artery is
exposed through an incision
along the anterior border of the
sternocleidomastoid muscle,
passing downward from the
angle of the mandible
• It lies anterior and is the
only carotid with branches
in the neck
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Arteries of the head & neck
– The common carotid is
exposed through a transverse
incision over the origin of
the sternocleidomastoid
muscle above the
sternoclavicular joint
• Free communication
between the external
carotid arteries and cross
circulation through the
circle of Willis provide
good blood supply to the
face and the cranium
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