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A&P: Unit 1 Body Organization 11 Organ Systems of the Body Integumentary System • Includes: The skin • Function: Protects deeper tissue, regulates body temperature, synthesizes Vitamin D 11 Organ Systems of the Body Muscular System • Includes: Skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and tendons • Function: contract to allow movement, maintains posture 11 Organ Systems of the Body Skeletal System • Includes: Bone, Cartilage, Ligaments, Joints • Function: Supports body, Protects certain cavities, Stores minerals 11 Organ Systems of the Body Digestive System • Includes: Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small and Large Intestine, Rectum, and Liver • Function: Breaks down food to deliver nutrients to the body cells; undigested food leaves body as feces 11 Organ Systems of the Body Respiratory System • Includes: Nasal Passages, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs • Function: Supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide 11 Organ Systems of the Body Cardiovascular System • Includes: Heart, Blood Vessels (Veins, Arteries, and Capillaries) • Function: Carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, wastes, etc. through the body in blood 11 Organ Systems of the Body Nervous System • Includes: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, and Sensory Receptors • Function: detect and respond to internal & external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands 11 Organ Systems of the Body Urinary System • Includes: Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra • Function: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, maintains body’s water and salt balance, regulates pH of the blood 11 Organ Systems of the Body Lymphatic System • Includes: Lymphatic vessels, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Thymus, Tonsils • Functions: Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, cleanses blood, house white blood cells (involved with immunity) 11 Organ Systems of the Body Endocrine System • • Includes: Glands including pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, testis (males), and ovaries (females) Function: secretion of hormones that regulate body activities (growth, reproduction, and metabolism) 11 Organ Systems of the Body Reproductive System • Males Includes: testes, scrotum, penis, glands, duct system Function: Produces sperm and carries to the outside of the body 11 Organ Systems of the Body Reproductive System, con’t • Females Includes: uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina Function: Produces eggs, serves as locations for fertilization and development of the fetus Levels of Organization • From smallest unit to largest unit: – Chemical Level: atoms and compounds – Cells: smallest unit of all living things – Tissues: similar cells with common function • There are 4 types of tissue – Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous – Organ: composed of two or more tissue types – Organ System: organs that cooperate to accomplish a common goal – Organism: highest level of organization Homeostasis • The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions – needed for life • “homeo-” is unchanging, “-stasis” is standing still • This is another goal that your organ systems work together to achieve Homeostasis • With homeostasis, your body isn’t really “standing still”, but it’s trying to! • It’s like a tight-rope walker – you want to stay on the wire, but sometimes other forces affect you (the wind, a slippery rope, noises, etc.) • You must react to overcome the forces and rebalance yourself over the wire. • Homeostasis works the same way… • It attempts to keep an internal balance within your body. Homeostasis • Communication/coordination within the body is achieved mainly by the Nervous and Endocrine Systems, but many of the systems participate in some extent • A response is triggered by some change in the norm Homeostasis • Most control mechanisms are “Negative Feedback Systems” – inhibit a change – Examples include body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and blood levels of gases & nutrients Homeostasis Homeostasis • “Positive Feedback Systems” are rare because they actually try to push your body out of the normal balance to react to an event that has occurred • Examples include… Homeostasis • Birth – Oxytocin (causes contractions) is released due to pressure on the cervix – Ends when the fetus is expelled • Bleeding – clotting yields more clotting, which is eventually stopped by stopped blood flow Homeostasis Language of Anatomy • Terms with precise meanings are used to help medical and healthcare professionals communicate effectively with one another about the human body. • You are responsible for the following terms and being able to apply them! Language of Anatomy • Anatomical Position – – – – Feet parallel Arms hanging at sides Palms facing forward Thumbs pointing away from body • Don’t forget… his left is on your right-hand side!!! RIGHT LEFT Body Position • Supine – Laying Face-up • Prone – Laying Face-Down Directional Terms • Superior (Cranial) – Toward the head – Above • Inferior (Caudal) – Away from the Head – Below Directional Terms • Anterior (Ventral) – Toward the front of the body – In front of • Posterior (Dorsal) – Toward the back of the body – Behind Directional Terms • Medial – Toward midline – Inner side • Lateral – Away from midline – Outer Side Directional Terms • Intermediate – Between a medial and lateral structure Directional Terms • Proximal – Closer to the attachment point of a limb to the body trunk • Distal – Farther from the attachment point of a limb to the body trunk Directional Terms Directional Terms • Superficial – Towards the body surface • Deep – Away from the body surface – More internal Directional Terms • Ipsilateral – On the same side of the body • Contralateral – On opposite sides of the body Planes of the Body • Median (Midsagittal) Plane – divides into equal right and left sections • Frontal (Coronal) Plane – divides into anterior and posterior parts • Transverse Plane – divides into superior and inferior parts Body Cavities • What kinds of organs might be found in the Dorsal Cavity? • What kinds of organs might be found in the Ventral Cavity? – Which of these organs would be specific to the Thoracic Cavity? – To the Abdominopelvic Cavity? Abdominopelvic Cavity • Why would this cavity be vulnerable to damage? • Because it is so large, it is helpful to break up this cavity into smaller sections for study • One system used by medical personnel uses quadrants Abdominopelvic Cavity • Another system used by anatomists, divides it into 9 regions – “epi” is upon, “gastric” is stomach – “hypo” is below – “Iliac” is the superior part of hip bone – “lumbus” is loin – “chondro” is cartilage