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+ Anatomical Terms Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy Chapter 1.2 Anatomic variation Not everyone is exactly the same Different races, hair color, eye color, sex, height, body type etc. People have different anatomy! What Male: is “normal” or “average”? 22 years old, 70 Kg (154 Lbs) Female: 22 years old, 58 Kg (128 Lbs) + Directional Terms Directional Terms Used to describe the “location” or “direction” of one organ compared to another More “scientific” way of saying that your heart is “above your stomach, and in front of your lungs” + Anatomical position - Standing straight up, feet flat on the ground, arms at your side, and palms facing forward - It is from this position that the rest of the anatomical terms will be derived Directional Terms Superior: “above” something else “Your brain is superior to your heart” Inferior: “below” something else “your kidneys are inferior to your lungs” + Anterior (Ventral): towards your front • Your nose is anterior to your ears. •Posterior/Dorsal: towards your back • Your ears are posterior to your nose. Let’s Review • The nails are ______ (dorsal or ventral) in the anatomical position. ANSWER: Dorsal - recall that the anatomical position calls for your palms to face forward…your nails would face your back • The sternum is ____ (superior or inferior) to your mouth. ANSWER: Inferior Proximal: closer to the trunk or attachment point The elbow is proximal to the shoulder. The knee is proximal to the hip. Distal: Farther from the trunk or attachment point The wrist is distal to the shoulder. The ankle is distal to the hip. + Central – toward the brain or spinal cord The spinal cord is central to the limbs Peripheral – away from the brain or spinal cord (toward the limbs) The arms are peripheral to the spinal cord Superficial: Close to the body surface (when looking from the inside towards the skin) “You can see superficial bruises because they’re on the surface” Deep: Closer to the inside of the body (farther from the surface of the body) “Bones are deep to the muscle” Medial - Towards the middle “Your heart is medial to your lungs” “Your nose is medial to your ears” Lateral: Away from the middle (towards a side) “Your arms are lateral to your heart” “Your ears are lateral to your nose” Supine = Body laying face up “when you are laying on your back you are supine” Prone = Body laying face down “when you are laying on stomach you are prone” + Planes of the Body + Planes of the Body Imaginary flat surface passing through the body Planes are often used in directions for dissections or as reference in figures + Sagittal (Median) Plane Divides into left and right portions Midsaggital plane passes through the midline of the body Parasaggital plane – a cut that does not pass through the midline + Frontal (Coronal) Plane Divides body into anterior and posterior sections + Transverse (Horizontal) Plane Divides the body into superior and inferior portions Divides the body horizontally + Regions of the Body + Axial Region – Cephalic (Head) ANTERIOR Cephalic - head Frontal – forehead Orbital – eye Buccal – cheek Mental – chin Facial – on your face POSTERIOR Occipital + Axial Region – Cervical (Neck) Cervical: front of your neck Nuchal: back neck of your + Axial Region – Torso or Thoracic ANTERIOR Celiac - abdomen Mammary – breast Sternal - area in the center of your chest, the sternum Pectoral - area around your breast Costal - ribs Inguinal – groin Genital – reproductive organs Coxal - hip Mammary (breast) Costal (rib) Celiac (abdomen) + Axial Region – Torso or Thoracic POSTERIOR Dorsum: the back Vertebral: area (on your back) of your spine Interscapular: area between both of your shoulder blades (on your back) Lumbar: lower back Sacral: between hips Perineal: between the anus and the pubic arch Interscapul ar (between shoulder blades) + Appendicular Region – Upper Limb Acromial Brachial - point of shoulder - arm Antecubital Cubital – front of elbow - elbow Antebrachium Palmer - palm Axillary Digital - forearm - Armpit - fingers Axillary (armpit ) Digital (fingers) Antebrachiu m (forearm) + Appendicular Region – Lower Limb Gluteal – buttocks Femoral – thigh Popliteal – back of knee Patellar – knee Cural – leg Plantar – sole of foot Pedal – foot + Body Cavities + Body Cavities Anterior Cavity Posterior Cavity cranial cavity & vertebral cavity thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity diaphragm (a muscle) separates the two cavities +Posterior (Dorsal) Body Cavity Cranial Cavity Skull brain encloses the Vertebral Cavity Vertebrae enclose the spinal cord + Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity Thoracic Cavity •Pleural Cavity – lungs Abdominopelvic Cavity •Pericardial Cavity – heart •Abdominal Cavity – digestive organs, kidneys •Mediastinum – thymus, vessels from heart •Pelvic Cavity – bladder, rectum, reproductive organs + Posterior Cranial Thoracic Diaphragm Vertebral Abdominal Pelvic