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There are so many career opportunities in the field of Biology. Anatomy & Physiology will help you get there! Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology I. Introduction A. Early ancestors were concerned about injuries and illnesses – treated them with superstitions, magic, & potions B. Later, cadavers (dissected human bodies) were examined for cause of death and studied C. Greek & Latin terms were coined to name body parts, describe locations, and explain functions and interactions Pg. 2 II. Anatomy and Physiology (A & P) Anatomy – branch of science that deals with the structure of body parts, their forms and organization Physiology – branch of science that is concerned with the functions of body parts, what they do and how they do it III. Levels of Organization – all materials of the body are made of chemicals, which consist of: A. B. C. D. E. Atoms – microscopic particles Molecules – atoms joined together Macromolecules – molecules that join together to make larger molecules Organelles – small parts of a cell & made of macromolecules Cell 1. made up of organelles 2. are the basic unit of structure and function (the what & why) 3. vary in size, shape, & function 4. are microscopic F. Tissue – cells organized into layers G. H. Organ – group of interacting tissues Organ System – group of organs that function closely together Organism – group of organ systems working together I. Pg. 4 IV. Characteristics of Life Pg. 5 * These are known as METABOLISM: all the chemical reactions in the body that break substances down and build them up V. Maintaining Life A. Requirements 1. Water – for metabolism; transports substances, regulates body temp 2. Food – provides chemical energy & materials to build new matter 3. Oxygen – releases energy from food 4. Heat – product of metabolic reactions (more heat = faster reactions) 5. Pressure a. air pressure to get O2 to lungs & CO2 out b. blood pressure to pump blood through blood vessels B. Homeostasis – tendency to maintain a stable internal environment with narrow limits, like a thermostat (negative feedback) 1. Shivering – muscular contractions produce heat when cold 2. Sweating – blood vessels in skin dilate, heat moves to surface & evaporates Only a few positive feedback mechanisms exist: blood clotting – chemicals in a clot promote more clotting milk production – with more force/duration during nursing, more milk is produced Childbirth – contractions to expel baby produce more contractions until the baby is out VI. Organization of the Human Body (pgs 9-10) A. Body Cavities – spaces for organs B. Thoracic & Abdominopelvic Membranes * Parietal membranes line a cavity * Visceral membranes cover organs 1. 2. 3. Parietal Pleura – lines thoracic cavity Visceral Pleura – covers lungs Pleural Cavity – fluid-filled space b/t parietal & visceral pleura Pg. 10 4. 5. 6. Pg. 10 Parietal Pericardium – outer covering of heart Visceral Pericardium – inner covering of heart Pericardial Cavity – fluid-filled space b/t parietal & visceral pericardium 7. 8. 9. Parietal Peritoneum – lines abdominopelvic cavity Visceral Peritoneum – covers each organ of abdominopelvic cavity Peritoneal Cavity – fluid-filled space b/t parietal & visceral peritoneum Pg. 11 VII. Anatomical Terminology (see Lab 2) * Anatomical Position – body is standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides, palms facing forward * Right & Left refer to the body in the anatomical position (as if it were your body) A. Relative Positions – one part is compared with another (book pg. 14) 1. Superior (cranial) toward the head Inferior (caudal) away from the head 2. Anterior (ventral) toward the front Posterior (dorsal) away from the front 3. Lateral – side Medial – midline 4. Superficial toward the surface Deep away from the surface 5. Proximal toward the trunk Distal away from the trunk B. Body Planes & Sections (pg. 15) 1. 2. Cuts made on the sagittal / median plane OR coronal / frontal plane result in a longitudinal section (c) Cuts made on the transverse / horizontal plane result in a cross section (a) or oblique section (b) C. Body Regions (Pg. 17) D. Abdominal Quadrants (Pg. 16) Review your Anatomical Terminology! http://www.wisconline.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP15405 http://www.wisconline.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP15305 http://www.wisconline.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP14904 Now, try your luck at organ placement! http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/bo dy/index_interactivebody.shtml