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INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Anatomical terms , body sections and body systems Definitions Anatomy is the study of the physical structures and parts which go to make up the human body . Physiology is the study of how those structures and parts function as systems and interrelate with one another . The Anatomical Position • This position is the traditional body position shown in text books . • It shows the figure standing straight and facing forwards , feet included. • The palms of the hands are also turned to face forwards . • The midline of the body is located as running from the top of the head straight down the body to the ground between the feet , dividing the body into left and right . The following list gives you the main references . • Anterior : refers to the front of the body or front aspect of a structure or body part . • Posterior : refers to the back of the body or back aspect of a structure or body part . • Inferior : refers to a part or structure which is below another ; Eg the stomach is inferior to the diaphragm • Superior refers to a part or structure which is above another Eg the liver is superior to the bladder. • Lateral refers to the outer areas of the body furthest away from the midline . • Medial refers to the inner areas of the body , closest to the midline . • Distal refers to the limbs ; this would be an area of the leg or arm ,foot or hand which is furthest apart from the main joint of that part . • Proximal refers to the limbs ; this would be an area of the leg or arm , foot or hand which is closest to the main joint of that part . More descriptive terms • Superficial : refers to an area which is closest to the surface of the body . • Deep: refers to an area which is closest to the inner structures of the body . • Dorsal : refers to the back and spine ,the upper surface of the foot and back of the hand . • Cranial : refers to the head . • Ventral: refers to the front or abdominal area of the body . • Contra lateral: refers to an area or structure which is on the opposite side to . • Ipsi lateral : refers to an area or structure which is on the same side as . • Palmer : the anterior surface of the hand • Planter : the inferior surface of the foot Sections and planes of the body • As well as the previous ones these terms refer to the ways in which the body may be divided up into sections and planes . • Median refers to a section dividing the body into two equal parts down the mid line . • Medial refers to a section or cut drawn close to the median . • Transverse refers to a section cut across the body from side to side • Coronal refers to a cut or plane dividing the body into equal or non equal parts front and back as in taking the face off. • Sagittal refers to a cut or plane made from front to back dividing the body unequally as in slicing the arm or leg longitudinally Cavities of the body The body has four main cavities , these are: 1. The Cranial: containing the brain 2. The Thoracic: containing the major vessels , heart and lungs 3. The Abdominal: containing the digestive system . 4. The Pelvic : containing lower parts of the intestine and colon plus the genito urinary organs . There are further closed and visceral cavities they are: The vertebral cavity, the pleural cavity, the cardiac and the mediastinum. The Ventral cavity refers to the anterior of the torso. The Dorsal cavity refers to the posterior of the torso. Anterior aspect Ventral cavity Body systems The Body Systems • • • • • • • • • • • • • We will be looking at the following systems . Also Histology ….. The Cells and tissues The Integumentary The skeletal The muscular The cardio vascular The lymphatic The respiratory The nervous The endocrine The digestive The urinary The reproductive