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Chapters 7 and 8
Axial and Appendicular Skeletons
Axial Skeleton

 Longitudinal axis of the body
 Skull, thoracic cage and vertebrae
 Skull: 8 cranial (cranium or “braincase”) and 14 facial
bones (face)
 Skull also: 6 auditory ossicles and hyoid bone
 24 vertebrae and sacrum and coccyx
 24 ribs and sternum
 Know #’s on page 199
 Know vertebrae
Figure 7-1 The Axial Skeleton
SKELETAL SYSTEM
206
AXIAL SKELETON
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
80
(see Figure 8–1)
8
Cranium
14
Face
6
Auditory
ossicles
1
Hyoid
1
Sternum
24
Ribs
Skull
29
Skull and
associated
bones
25
Thoracic
cage
26
Vertebral
column
Associated
bones
24 Vertebrae
1
Sacrum
1
Coccyx
Skull
Cervical
vertebrae
Sternum
Ribs
An anterior view of the entire
skeleton, with the axial
components highlighted. The
numbers in the boxes indicate
the number of bones in the adult
skeleton.
Costal
cartilages
Lumbar
vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Anterior (left) and posterior (right) views of the axial skeleton.
The individual bones associated with the skull are not visible.
Thoracic
vertebrae
Functions of axial skeleton

 Framework that supports and protects brain and
spinal cord and vital organs in thorax
 Extensive surface area for attachment of muscles
 Adjust head and neck position
 Perform respiration
 Stabilize/position appendicular skeleton
 Limited articulations
 Strength
 Reinforcements of ligaments
Skull

 Cranial Cavity – “houses the brain”
 Occipital, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, parietal (pr) and
temporal(pr)
 Not only supports and protects the brain
 Attaches muscles that move eyes, jaw and head
 Facial Bones – “front porch, over entrances to
digestive and respiratory systems”
 Maxilla (pr), lacrimal, nasal, zygomatic and mandible
 Palantine, inferior nasal conchae, vomer
Vocabulary terms

 Septum: divider or wall
 Sinus: air filled cavities within bones of the skull;
 Make bones lighter (less dense)
 Mucus membranes moisten and clean air
 Suture: immovable joints that fuse bones of adult skull





Lamboid suture arches across back
Coronal suture arches across the front
Sagiattal suture across the top of skullcap (R and L)
Sqaumous suture on each side of skull (by ears)
Sutures allow for bones to move as infant is born; bone is not ossified and brain is
growing rapidly – areas called fontanelles or soft spots
 Know view c on page 201
 SAVE things like table on pg 213 for college anatomy course 
 Very odd picture on page 215
Figure 7-3a-c The Adult Skull
OCCIPITAL BONE
Sagittal suture
PARIETAL
BONE
(left)
Lambdoid
suture
PARIETAL
BONE
(right)
PARIETAL
BONE
(right)
Lambdoid
suture
OCCIPITAL
BONE
PARIETAL
BONE
(left)
Sagittal
suture
Squamous
suture
TEMPORAL BONE
Coronal
suture
Mastoid process
Styloid process
FRONTAL BONE
ZYGOMATIC
BONE
Occipital condyle
External occipital
protuberance
NASAL BONES
MANDIBLE
Posterior view
Superior view
Coronal suture
PARIETAL
BONE
FRONTAL
BONE
SPHENOID
Supra-orbital foramen
Squamous suture
TEMPORAL
BONE
NASAL BONE
LACRIMAL BONE
Squamous part of
temporal bone
Lambdoid suture
External acoustic
meatus
ETHMOID
Infra-orbital foramen
MAXILLA
OCCIPITAL
BONE
ZYGOMATIC BONE
Mastoid process
Zygomatic
arch
Styloid process
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
Lateral view
MANDIBLE
Mental foramen
Mental protuberance
Vertebral column

 Vertebral column = spine
 Vertebra = bone (vertebrae = plural; bones)
 24 bones; 5 regions
 4 curves
 Primary curves – accommodate organs
 Secondary curves – compensation (of weight)
 Sacrum – accommodates hips
 Coccyx – tailbones (fused)
Vertebra

 Vertebral body – bears weight
 Each vertebra connected to next with ligaments
 Separated by vertebral discs
 Ventral – internal by aorta and intestine
 Vertebral arch – posterior to foramen
 Behind the spinal cord (most dorsal)
 Pedicles and lamina
 Articular process
 “bumps”
 Keep spine aligned
 Spaces for nerves to leave
Figure 7-18 Vertebral Anatomy
Superior articular
process
Articular processes
Transverse
process
Vertebral body
Spinous
process
Vertebral arch
Vertebral body
Pedicle
Inferior articular
facet
Arrow passing
through vertebral
foramen
Inferior articular
process
The major components of
a typical vertebra
A lateral and slightly inferior
view of a vertebra
Spinous
process
Superior
articular
process
Superior articular facets
Inferior
articular
process
Superior articular process
Transverse
process
Lamina of
vertebral arch
Pedicle
Inferior
articular
facet
Vertebral
foramen
Intervertebral
foramen
Intervertebral
disc
Vertebral
body
Spinous process
Intervertebral
disc
An inferior view of a
vertebra
Transverse process
Vertebral body
Vertebral body
An posterior view of
three articulated
vertebrae
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Inferior
articular
process
Inferior
articular
facet
Arrow passing
through vertebral
canal
A lateral and sectional view
of three articulated
vertebrae
Vertebrae

 Cervical vertebrae C1 – C7
 C1 = atlas; holds up head like Atlas holds up Earth;
nods yes
 C2 = axis; earth rotates on axis; nods no
 Thoracic vertebrae T1 – T12
 Each has a pair of ribs
 Lumbar vertebrae L1 – L5
Appendicular Skeleton

 80 bones of axial skeleton are only 40% of total
 Remaining 60% are in appendicular skeleton
 “ appendages “ - arms and legs, shoulders and hips
 MOVEMENT of body and
 MANIPULATION of objects
Pectoral Girdle

 Think pectoral muscles/ “pecs”/ shoulders, chest
and arms
 Clavicles – collar bones; meet at sternum
 Scapula – shoulder blades; LOTS of skeletal muscle
but NO direct bone or ligament connection to axial
skeleton
 Humerus – upper arm
 Radius – lower arm/ thumb side
 Ulna – lower arm/ point of elbow to pinky finger
 Bones of the hand
*
Figure 8-6 Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand
RADIUS
RADIUS
ULNA
Lunate
Scaphold
Lunate
Scaphold
Triquetrum
Trapezium
Trapezium
Pisiform
Trapezoid
Capitate
Metacarpal
bones
Trapezoid
I
I
Hamate
II
III
IV
V
V
IV
III
II
Capitate
Metacarpal
bones
Proximal
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
Proximal
phalanx
Middle
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
Anterior view
Posterior view
THIS WILL BE YOUR BIG ESSAY! LABEL THIS DIAGRAM
Carpel bones

 Wrist has 8 bones
 5 metacarpels
 14 phalanges
Pelvic girdle

 Hip bones (coxal) – ilium, ischium and pubis
 Pelvic brim, pelvic inlet, pelvic outlet
 See page 243
MALE
<90 degree angle
More curvature of coccyx
FEMALE
Enlarged pelvic outlet
Inferior angle >100
Wider/circular inlet
Broader
lower
Legs and Feet

 Femur – longest and heaviest bone
 Patella – kneecap; sesamoid bone, tendons to
quadriceps femoris
 Tibia – shin; large bump inside ankle
 Fibula – lateral; attaches to tibia NOT femur;
interosseous membrane; doesn’t support weight and
is for movement of the foot
 7 ankle (tarsal) bones bear weight of body
 Calcaneous – largest; “heel bone”; Achilles tendon
 Metatarsal bones and phalanges