Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Cardiac contractility modulation wikipedia , lookup
Coronary artery disease wikipedia , lookup
Heart failure wikipedia , lookup
Electrocardiography wikipedia , lookup
Jatene procedure wikipedia , lookup
Myocardial infarction wikipedia , lookup
Cardiothoracic surgery wikipedia , lookup
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia wikipedia , lookup
Quantium Medical Cardiac Output wikipedia , lookup
Heart arrhythmia wikipedia , lookup
Dextro-Transposition of the great arteries wikipedia , lookup
Radiology Packet 2 Normal Thorax Tracheal Diameter Tracheal Diameter Tracheal Diameter • General estimation of tracheal size can be provided by comparing the diameter of the trachea to the diameter of the proximal 3rd rib in the lateral radiographic projection. • Trachea should be ~3x the width of proximal 3rd rib. • More precise evaluation of tracheal size can be provided by comparing the ratio of the tracheal diameter to the height of the thoracic inlet. • Tracheal lumen diameter is then divided by the thoracic inlet measurement to determine the ratio. Anesthesia vs awake thoracic radiographs • anesthetized • awake Anesthesia vs awake thoracic radiographs • Thoracic volume is diminished due to lack of deep inspiration. • Heart appears larger due to diminished thoracic volume. • Lungs have increased soft tissue opacity since they are less fully aerated. • On the DV view the right lung is more opaque than the left and the heart is shifted toward the right chest wall due to recumbency induced partial atelectasis. • On lateral view there is a gas dilated esophagus. This is an incidental finding due to aerophagia during induction and/or muscle relaxation. It’s appearance is identical to pathological megaesophagus. Young dog thorax • Radiographs of a 9mth old canine Young Dog thorax • In VD view there is a triangular soft-tissue opacity structure in the left hemithorax immediately cranial to the cardiac silhouette – This is the thymus. • In the lateral view there is a narrow band of increased soft-tissue opacity along the cranial border of the heart. This is the result of summation of the thymus with the heart. • The thymus is rarely visible in young cats. Dorsoventral and Ventrodorsal Positioning Dorsoventral and Ventrodorsal Positioning • There is an overall increase in opacity throughout the lung fields - this is a result of pleural effusion. • In DV view there is clear visualization of the caudal pulmonary vessels. • In VD view the caudal pulmonary vessels are not visible. Right vs left lateral thoracic radiographs Right vs left lateral thoracic radiographs Right vs left lateral thoracic radiographs • When the patient is positioned in right lateral recumbency the heart shifts toward the right and leftsided apex is highlighted. • The cardiac silhouette is somewhat ovoid in shape with a rounded point at the apex. • In left lateral the heart shifts toward the left and the apex is “rolled under” the heart and is no longer visible. • This gives the cardiac silhouette a rounded appearance.