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HUMAN ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
The Skeletal System Notes
Chapter 5
2 divisions:
• ____________________________bones
that form longitudinal axis
• _______________________________bon
es of the limbs and girdles
Axial skeleton
Appendicular
skeleton
•
The system includes joints ,cartilage
and ligaments.
I. Bones:An Overview
•
Functions-besides giving body shape
and Form:
–
–
1)Support-supports body and cradles soft organs
2)Protection-protect soft organs-eg. Protects
brain/vertebrae-spine and ribs for organs of the
thoracic cavity
Functions cont’d
• 3)Movement-Skeletal muscles attach to
bones by _______________and bones
work as levers
tendons
Functions cont’d
Fat
– 4)Storage» ______in internal cavities of bones
» Storehouse for minerals-esp.Ca and P….A small
amount of Ca must be in blood at all times to reach
the nerve tissue for transmission,so muscles
contract and help clot blood.Ca in bones as salts go
to provide Ca 2+ ions for blood
» Hormones control the movement of Ca to and from
blood according to body need…..too much Ca can
be a problem
5)Blood Cell Formation or
________________________ in the marrow
cavities of certain bones
hematopoiesis
B.Classification of Bones*(all 206
of them)
–
•
There are 2 main types of osseous tissue
» ____________________________dense
and looks smooth and homogeneous
___________________________ made of needlelike
pieces of bone and lots of open space
Compact bone
Spongy bone
wrist
• Many sizes and shapes:-eg. Tiny pisiform
bone of __________________-size of a
pea and at the other extreme-the
________________-thigh bone is ~ 2’ long
and has large,ball shaped head
femur
Shape grouping:
– _____________________-longer than they
are wide;shaft with heads at both
ends;mostly compact bone; bones of limbs
– _________________________-generally
cube shaped and mostly spongy bone
;bones of wrist and
ankle;____________________bones-within
tendons-special type of short bone-patella
Short bones
Long bones
sesamoid
Shape cont’d
– ____________________-thin,flattened and
usually curved-2 thin layers of compact
bone sandwiching spongy boneskull,ribs,sternum
– __________________________don’t fit other
categories-vertebrae and hip
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Classification of Bones on the Basis of
Shape
Figure 5.1
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
C. Structure of a long bone
•
•
•
GROSS ANATOMY
__________________-shaft-makes most of bone
length and is __________________bone
Diaphysis is covered by fibrous connective tissue
membrane-_________________________-Hundreds
of connective tissue fibers,called perforating or
Sharpey’s fibers secure periosteum to underlying
bone
diaphysis
compact
periosteum
• _______________at the ends of each long
bone…consists of thin compact layer of bone filled
with spongy bone…._____________cartilage covers
the external surface(glassy hyaline cartilage gives
smoothness to decrease friction at joint surfaces)
• Adult bones have a thin line of bony tissue at
epiphysis-called ____________________-a remnant
of epiphyseal plate of hyaline cartilage in young
,growing bones
• epiphyseal plates cause lengthwise growth of bones
epiphysis
Articular
cartilage
Epiphyseal line
• At end of puberty,hormones inhibit long bone
growth and the epiphyseal plate is completetly
replaced w/bone
• Cavity of shaft stores adipose tissue-________________________,or medullary cavity …In
infants this area forms RBC’s-red marrow is there as
well
• For adults ___________________is in cavities of
spongy bone of flat bones and epiphyses of some
long bones—Note:Areas of red marrow are more
limited in adults—to places such as sternum
• Surfaces have bumps holes and
ridges=__________________________-show where
muscles,tendons,and ligaments were attached and
where blood vessels and nerves pass
Yellow marrow
Red marrow
Bone markings
Bone markings
–
•
•
1.projections or processes
-grow out from bone surface---goes w/terms
beginning w/T
2.depressions or
________________________-indentations in bone--goes w/terms starting w/F(except facet
cavities
Long Bones-MICROSCOPIC
ANATOMY
• ______________________-mature bones cells found
in matrix in lacunae cavities
• Lacunae arranged in concentric circles
called____________________around
central(Haversian) canals
• _________________is a complex of central canal and
matrix rings—Haversian system
• Central canals run lengthwise through bony matrix
to carry blood vessels and nerves to all of bone
osteocytes
lamellae
oteon
Microscopic anatomy cont’d
• _____________________-tiny canals that radiate
outward from central canals to all lacunae-form a
transportation system that connects all bone cells to
nutrients in matrix --therefore well nourished
• _____________run into compact bone at right angles
to shaft and communicate from outside to interior
• Bone light in weight,but strong
canaliculi
Perforating(Volkmann’s)
canals
Bone Formation,Growth and
Remodeling
•
•
2 most strong and supportive tissuebone and cartilage
Except for flat bones,most bones
develop using hyaline cartilage as model
Bone formation cont’d
• ____________________-bone formation in 2 phases:
– 1)Hyaline cartilage model is completely covered
by bone matrix(a “collar”) by bone forming
_________________________.For a while,fetus
has cartilage enclosed by bony bones.Enclosed
hyaline cartilage model is digested away,forming
a medullary cavity
ossification
osteoblasts
–
2)By birth most hyaline converted to
bone.except articular cartilage on
____________________and epiphyseal plates
• New cartilage is continually on the face of
articular cartilages(covering bone ends) and
epiphyseal plate surface that faces bone
ends.At the same time,old cartlage abutting
internal face of articular cartlage and the
medullary cavity is BROKEN down and
replaced by bony matrix
Bone ends
• Growing bones must widen as they lengthen--osteoblasts in _____________add bone tissue to
external face of diaphysis as osteoclasts in
endosteum remove bone from inner face of
diaphysis wall---both occur at same rate
circumference of long bone expands and bone
widens….>__________________growth.This is
controlled by hormones –esp. growth hormones
and ,during puberty , sex hormones
• Overall growth ends at puberty ,when
____________are converted to bone
periosteum
Appositional
growth
Epiphyseal
plates
Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones dynamic and active tissue and continuously
remodeled in response to :
– 1)Ca levels in blood-When blood Ca levels
drop below homeostatic levels,the
_________________in throat stimulated to
release parathyroid hormones-______-into
blood.PTH activates ____________-giant
bone destroying cells in bones to break
down bone matrix and release Ca into
blood.
» If blood Ca levels are too high,Ca is
deposited into bone matrix as Ca salts
Parathyroid
glands
PTH
osteoclasts
• 2.In response to gravity and muscle
mass-long bones retain normal
proportions and strength and bones
become thicker and form large projections
to increase their strength where muscle is
bulky….here ________________lay down
new matrix and become trapped w/in
it….now,trapped,they become osteocytesmature bone cells
osteoblasts
Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4b
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Those that are bedridden and /or
weakened lose mass
• Rickets-look up
p.142_____________________________
_________________________________
E.Bone Fractures
• Bones amazingly strong
• _____________________= breaks---in young due to activity
level and in older people due to thin and weakened bones_
– 1)Closed fracture-clean break that does not penetrate skin
– 2)__________________is when the broken bone breaks the
skin
fractures
Opencompound
Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• A fracture is treated by ________________-where the
realignment of break happens.In closed breaks,the
ends are coaxed back into their position by M.D..For
OPEN breaks,surgery is performed and pins or wires
are used.After reduction it is
_________________________by cast or traction
• Simple fracture takes 6-8 weeks to heal….bot longer
for large bones and bones of older people(due to
their poor circulation)
reduction
immobilized
4 Events for bone repair:
– _________________________forms and blood
cells deprived of nutrition die
– The break is splinted by a __________________growth of new capillaries(granulation tissue) into
hematoma at site of damage.as this
happens,connective tissue of various types form
a mass called fibrocartilage callus containing
some cartilage matrix,some bony matrix,collagen
and acts to splint the bone
hematoma
Fibrocartilage
callus
– bony callus forms-more osteoblasts and
osteoclasts come to area-the fibrocartilage
callus is relaced by one made of spongy
bone
– Bone remodeling occurs-weeks to monthsforms strong,permanenet bone patch at site
Axial Skeleton
Forms longitudinal axis of body
Skull
–
–
Formed by cranium –protects brain and
____________________-hold eyes in anterior
position and allow facial muscles to show
expression
All but one bone of skull is joined by
____________-interlocking , immovable
joints(mandible has a freely movable joint)
Facial bones
sutures
Cranium-8 large ,flat bones
•
•
•
___________________________forms
forehead,bony projections under eyebrows,and
superior portion of orbit
____________________________paired,forms
superior and lateral walls of cranium;include
_________________________and
____________suture
Temporal Bones(pair) lie inferior to parietal and
join at ___________________________________
Frontal
bone
Parietal
bones
Sagittal
suture
coronal
Squamous
sutures
Temporal bone markings:
• a-External acoustic meatus-leads to eardrum and
middle ear-here sound enters ear
• b-Styloid process-sharp/attachment for many neck
muscles
• c-__________________-process bridge of bone that
joins with cheek bone(zygomatic bone) anteriorly
• d-Mastoid process-full of air cavities(mastoid
sinuses)-rough projection posterior and inferior to
external acoustic meatus-some neck muscles attach
here---The proximity to middle ear makes these
sinuses a hot spot for infections- __________________________---also could spread to
the brain
Zygomatic process
Mastoiditis
• d-______________foramen allows passage of jugular
vein(largest vein of head-drains the brain)-anterior to
this is the
e-____________________-transmits cranial nerves
VII and VIII-facial and vestibulocochlear nerves….
f- anterior to
foramen is carotid canal that carotid artery brings
most of the blood to the brain
Jugular foramen
Internal
acoustic meatus
• Occipital bone-most posterior of cranium-floor and
back wall of skull
• a._________________________suture joins this bone
with parietals
• b. ______________________magnum allows spinal
cord to connect to brain
• c._____________________________________rest on
1st vertebra
Lambdoid
suture
Foramen
magnum
Occipital
condyles
Sphenoid bone-butterfly shaped-spans width of skull
and is some of floor of cranial cavity
• ________________________”Turk’s saddle”-encloses
pituitary gland
• Foramen ovale allows cranial nerve v(trigeminal)to pass
to chewing muscles of mandible.
• Parts form part of eye orbit
• Have 2 important openings• 1-______________________allows optic nerve to pass
and
• 2-_____________________through which cranial nerves
III,IV,VI pass to control eye movement
• Many air cavities--_________________________________
Sella
turcica
Optic canal
sphenoid
sinuses
Superior optical
fissure
Ethmoid Bone-anterior to sphenoid
• __________________________”cocks
comb”outermost covering of brain attaches
here
• Small holes on each side of crista galli_____________________-for olafactory nerves
• Extensions form superior and
_______________________-lateral walls of
nasal cavity-and increase turbulence of air here
Crista galli
Cribiform
plates
middle nasal
conchae
facial bones-14 bones-12 are paired plus mandible and
vomer
• Maxillae(maxillary)-2 fuse to form upper jaw-main
–or keystone bones of the face-carry upper teeth in
a)alveolar margin
• b)palatine processes-form anterior part of hard
palate of __________________• c) ________________________sinuses drain into
nasal cavity,lighten skull bones and amplify sound
we make….mucosa continue into nose and throat
and is a source of __________________________infection of sinuses which is an infection of sinuses
mouth
Paranasal
sinuses
sinusitis
• ______________________pairedposterior part of hard plate-failure to fuse
medially is called
__________________________________
_
Cleft palate
Palatine bones
Zygomatic
bones
• __________________________________
cheekbones-also border of eye sockets
• Lacrimal bones-finger-sized bones-part
of medial wall of each orbit-each has a
groove for tears
Nasal bones
• ________________________-small rectangular
making bridge of nose—lower part is cartilage
• Vomer bone-single bone in median of nasal cavitymost of nasal septum
• Inferior nasal conchae-thin,curved-lateral walls of
nasal cavity
• _____________________-lower jaw-largest and
strongest bone of face….meets temporal bone and is
only freely movable joint of face
• ---lower teeth lie in ______________________
mandible
Alveolar margin
• 3.Hyoid Bone-not really skull,but closely related to
mandible and temporal bones-movable base for
tongue and attachment for neck muscles
• *****Fetal Skull—face small compared
to cranium,but skull large compared to
infant’s body(1/8 of body length in adult
and _____body length in infant
1/4
fontanels
• fibrous membranes connecting cranial bones-“soft
spots’-allow compression during birth and allows for
brain growth in late pregnancy and early infancy--fontanels replaced by bone by 22-24 mos. after birth
B. Vertebral Column-Spine
–
–
–
–
–
Axial support of body-goes from skull(support) to pelviswhere it transmits weight
26 irregular bones connected and reinforced by
ligaments-resulting in flexible,curved structure
Surrounds and protects spinal cord
Before birth is 33 vertebrae-9 fuse to form
__________________ and _________________________
There are 7 in neck_____________________________;12__________________________;and 5 in lower back-lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
Cervical
vertebrae
Thoracic
vertebrae
– Individual vertebrae separated by flexible pads of
fibrocartilage-______________-allow flexibility and
absorb shocks
– Intervertebral discs 90 % water in youth and are
spongy and compressible---water amount
decreases w/ age and less compressible
– __________disks is a slipped disc-occurs w/age
and/or great twisting force
• The discs and the “S” shape to spine function to
prevent shock to head
Intervertebral
discs
herniated
– The curvature in thoracic and sacral regions are
called
__________________________________because
they are present at birth---a”C” in a newborn
– The curvature in cervical and lumbar regions are
called
_______________________________________
because they develop when the baby is ready to
walk
Primary curvatures
secondary
ABNORMAL SPINAL CURVATURES:
• _______________________,lordosis and
__________________-may be congenital or from
diseases….
scoliosis
kyphosis
COMMON FEATURES OF
VERTEBRAE
– Body or ___________________disclike,weight-bearingfacing anteriorly
– ____________________________arch
formed from joining of all posterior
extensions_________________________________
– ______________________________-canal
through which spinal cord passes
centrum
Vertebral
foramen
Vertebral
arch
Laminae
and
pedicles
– Transverse processes-2 lateral projections
from the arch
– ______________________________-single
projection from post. Aspect of arch(=
fused laminae
– _____________________________________
_______________________-paired
projections Lateral to vertebral foramenallows a vertebra to form joints w/
adjacent vertebrae
Spinous
processes
Superior and inferior
articular processes
Vertebral Regions
–
–
–
–
–
axis
C1 and
c2
7
1st 2 atlas and___________.Atlas has no
body;Transverse processes contain lg
depressionsto receive occipital condyles of skull—
allows nodding (“yes”)/Axis is a pivot for rotatopn
of atlas and skull
______pivot point on axis
Joint between____________allow you to rotate
head from side to side(“no)
C3 through C 7 lightest and smallest
vertebrae;usually spinosous process short and in 2
branches-______________________contain
foramina(for vertebral arteries)
dens
Transverse
processes
THORACIC•
•
•
•
•
12(T1-T12)-all typical
Only vertebrae to articulate with ribs
Body somewhat heart –shaped and has 2
costal facets(articulating surfaces0 on ea.
Side receiving heads of robs
Transverse processes articulate w/knoblike
tubercles of ribs
Spinosous process long
Lumbar(L1-L5)
»
»
Massive blocklike bodies;short spinous
processes (“moose head”)
Sturdiest vertebrae because receives most
stress
SACRUM
Median sacral crest
alae
• From fusion of 5 vertebrae
• Superiorly articulates w/L5 and inferiorly connects
w/coccyx
• Winglike _________articulate laterally w/hip
bone,making sacroiliac joints
• Posterior wall of pelvis
• ___________fused spinous process of sacral
vertebrae
• Laterally-_______
• Sacral canal terminates in _______________opening
Posterior
sacral foramina
Sacral hiatus
COCCYX:
• Fusion of 3-5 tiny vertebrae
• Tailbone
C.THORACIC CAGE
• Sternum,ribs and thoracic
vertebrae=______________________________,also
called thoracic cage
• Sternum(breastbone)
• Flat and is the fusion of 3
bones:_______________________________________
_______
• Attaches to the 1st 7 prs. of ribs
Bony
thorax
Manubrium
,body,xipho
id process
Bony landmarks:
– ______________________________concave upper
border of manubrium-level of T3
– _____________________________from
manubrium body meeting at slight angle to each
other,making transverse ridge-level of 2nd rib
– _______________________________-pt. where
sternal body and xiphoid process fuse-level of 9th
vertebrae
Jugular notch
Sternal angle
Xiphesternal
joint
• _____________________________taking
marrow sample at sternum for diagnoses
of blood diseases
Sternal puncture
Ribs-12 pairs
• All articulate with vertebral column and then curve
downward
• ________________________-1st 7 pairs attch directly
to sternum by
__________________________________
• __________________________-next 5 pairs either not
attached to sternum or indirectly.Last 2 pair are
called ______________________________sometimes
• Intercostals spaces attach to intercostals muscles
True ribs
Costal
cartilages
False ribs
Floating ribs
•
•
III.Appendicular Skeleton
126 bones of limbs and pectoral or
pelvic girdle(which attach limbs to axial
skeleton)
A.Bones of Shoulder Girdle
Clavicle
scapula
collarbone
– 2 bones:________and _________
»1. CLAVICLE
» Also called ______________________
» Slender ,doubly curved and attaches to
manubrium and to scapula(shoulder joint
» Brace against arm touching top of thorax
and helps prevent________________
» w/o it shoulder caves in
Shoulder dislocation
2.SCAPULAE
•
•
•
-shoulder blades-triangular and commonly called
____________________because they flare when we
move our arms posteriorly
Each has a flattened body with
__________________process-enlarged spine of
scapula-connects clavicle at acromialclavicular joint
and beaklike
_____________________________________
That points over top of shoulder and anchors some
arm muscles
wings
Acromian
coracoid
Suprascapular notch
• ____________________________-serves as nerve
passageway
• Scapula loosely held by trunk muscles
• Scapula has 3 borders-_________________________
and 3 angles:superior,inferior and lateral
• ___________________-shallow socket receives head of
arm bone-in lateral angle
Superior,medial(vere
-bral) and
lateral(axiallary)
Glenoid cavity
Shoulder girdle is light and allows upper limb free
movement due to 3 factors:
– each shoulder girdle attaches at one point to axial
skeleton-________________________________
– loose attachment of scapula allows it to slide back
and forth v. thorax
– ___________________________is shallow and
shoulder joint is poorly reinforced by ligaments
• *****drawback to so much flexibility is _________________
dislocation
Sternoclavicular joint
Glenoid cavity
B.Bones of the Upper Limbs-30
bones-arms,forearms and hands
• ARM
• Humerus-head fits into glenoid
cavity,_________________________;2 bony
projections separated by intertubercular sulcus and
______________________-sites of muscle
attachment;also ____________________________most frequently fractured part of
bone;___________________________roughened area
in mid-shaft-deltoid muscle attaches
Greater and lesser tubercles
Anatomical
neck
Surgical neck
Deltoid
tuberosity
Radial
groove
Medial trochlea
• ___________________________runs down posterior
aspect of shaft,marking the place for the radial
nerve;
distal is the
________________-spool-like;ballike
capitulum;coronoid and olecranon fossaedepressions that articulate w and medial and
______________________allow ulna to move freely
when elbow is bent and extended
Lateral
epicondyles
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
2.-forearm –
________________-lateral bone on thumb side
Both bones of forearm articulate at radioulnar joints
2 bones connected by _____________________________
Both have _______________________at distal end
____________________-below head-tendon of biceps muscle
attaches
________________________medial bone on little finger side
Proximal end has ___________________ and olecranon
process,separated by trochlear notch-grip trochlea of
humerous
Interosseus membrane
radius
Styloid process
ulna
Radial
tuberosity
coronoid
2.hand-carpals,metacarpals and
phalanges
–
–
–
carpal
8 _____________bones-2 irregular rows of 4
bones ea.-form carpus(wrist)-bound by
ligaments to restrict movement between
them(see 8 names p.1620)
Palm consists of
_____________________________-#’ed 15(thumb side outward);heads are knuckles
Ea. hand has 14 phalanges(3 ea. Finger-thumb
has 2)
metacarpals
Ossa coxae
Axial skeleton
C.bones of the Pelvic Girdle-
• formed by 2 coxal(_____________________)-hip
bones;form bony pelvis w/sacrum and coccyx
• bony pelvis=2 coxal bones,sacrum and
coccyx;whereas pelvic girdle=2coxal bones
• large and heavy and attached securely to
___________________________
• sockets deep and securely attached by ligaments
• most important function is
____________________________ and protect organs
• each hip bone formed by fusion of 3
bones:____________________
Bearing weight
Ilium,ischium
and pubis
• ilium -connects posteriorly w/
____________________joint-forms most of hip
bone;alae are winglike portions of ilia-upper portion=
_____________________ and ends at anterior
superior iliac spine and posteriorly w/posterior iliac
spine
Sacroiliac joint
Iliac crest
Sit-down bone
Ischial tuberosity
• ischium-_______________________-inferior of coxal
bone;__________________________roughened area
receiving weight when sitting;ischial spine-superior
to tuberosity-THIS NARROWS THE OUTLET OF
PELVIS FOR PASSAGE OF BABY IN CHILDBIRTH !
• ----____________________________allows blood
vessels and lg sciatic nerve to pass from pelvis
posteriorly into thigh---injections must stay clear of
this area
Greater sciatic
notch
• _______________________most anterior of
coxal;__________________________________opening that allows blood vessels and nerves to
pass to ant. Thigh;each pubis joins to form
cartilaginous joint__________________________________
• Ilium,ischium and pubis fuse at deep
socket:__________________________________“vinegar cup”-receives head of thigh bone
pubis
Obturator foramen
Pubic symphysis
acetabulum
• Bony pelvis divided into false and true pelvis-which
must large enough to allow passage of infants head
in women for childbirth_______________________measured by obgyn
Dimensions of
cavity
• Individual pelvic measurements vary,but
stark difference in male and female
– Female inlet larger and more circular
– Fem. pelvis as a whole more shallow and
bones lighter and thinner
– Fem ilia flare more laterally
– Her sacrum shorter and less curved
– Her ischial spines shorter and farther apartthus outlet larger
Her pubic
arch rounder
because
angle of pubic arch greater
angle of pubic arch greater
D.Bones of Lower limbs-carry total body weight
when erect-thus very thick and stronger
Thigh-=________________-heaviest and
strongest bone of body
femur
• Proximal has ball-like head,neck and
_________________________-separated anteriorly by
intertrochanteric line and posteriorly by
intertrochanteric crest-----along w/ gluteal tuberosity
form sites for muscle attachment;head articulates w/
acetabulum-but also a big fracture site-esp. in
elderly;slants medially to bring in line w/center of
gravity;lateral and medial condyles distally-articulate
w/tibia below……these condyles separated by deep
intercondylar fossa/anterior is smooth
______________________-forms joint w/patella-knee
Greater and
lesser
trochanters
Patellar surface
Leg
Interosseus membrane
knee
» -tibia and fibula connected by
_______________________-tibia is shin bonecondyles proximally and articulate w/distal femur
to make ________joint-patellar ligament attaches
to _____________________distally_____________________forms inner bulge
of ankle-ant. tibia is sharp-anterior border for
muscles
» ________________-lies alongside tibia and joints
proximally and distally-NO PART Of KNEE
JOINT-lateral malleolus outer part of ankle
Medial malleolus
Tibial
tuberosity
fibula
Support weight
and act as lever
talus
FOOT
»
»
»
»
»
calcaneus
Tarsals,metatarsals and phalanges
2 most important functions__________
Tarsus-post. 1/2 of foot-7 tarsal bones
________________-heelbone
______________lies between tibia and
calcaneus
» 5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges-each
toe has 3 phalanges and big toe has 2
» Form 3 strong arches-bound by
ligaments and tendons(for muscles)fallen arches or flat feet occur
• IV.Joints= articulations
• *****Except for hyoid,all bones form joints
with at least 1 other bone
• 2 functions:___________________ and give rigid
skeleton mobility
• 2 classifications;1)functionally-focuses on
movement.There are
• ****__________________immovable and
_____________________slightly movable(1st 2 in
axial skeleton) and ____________freely
movable(limbs)
•
2)structurally-based on whether
fibrous tissue,cartilage or joint cavity separate bony
regions-fibrous,cartlagenous and synovial
Hold bones
together
diarthroses
synathroses
amphiarthroses
A. Fibrous Joints-united by fibrous tissue-ex. Sutures
of skull-bound by connective tissue fibers w/no
movement
_______________________-connective fibers longer
than sutures-so has more “give
syndemoses
•
B.Catilagenous Joints-connected by cartilageslightly movable-ex;pubic symphysis of pelvis and
________________________-pads of fibrocartilage—
also epiphyseal plates and synarthrotic-immovablejoints of 1st ribs and sternum
Intervertebral
joints
Synovial Joints-joint cavity contains synovial fluid
• 4 features:
• ____________________-hylaline-covers end of joint
bones
• _________________-joint surfaces enclosed by
sleeve of fibrous connective tissue and capsule lined
w./synovial membrane
• Joint cavity-articular capsule encloses a cavitywcontaing lubricating fluid
• ____________-fibrous capsule reinforced
w/ligaments
Articular
cartilage
Fibrous
articular
capsule
Reinforcing ligaments
bursae
Tendon sheath
– _______________flattened fibrous sacs w/ thin
film of synnovial fluid-common where
ligaments,muscles,skin,tendons or bones agitate
– __________________________elongated bursa
that wraps completely around a tendon
– _________________________-bone forced out of
normal position
dislocation
•
Types of synovial joints based on Shape:
– ___________________-articular surface flatshort slipping and gliding-nonaxial—intercarpal
wrist joints
– _____________-cylindrical end of one bone fits
into trough-shaped surface of another-angular
movement in 1 plane----elbow,ankle and fingersuniaxial-1axis
– ________-rounded end of one bone fits into
sleeve or ring of another of bone and maybe
ligaments-uniaxial—examples:proximal
radioulnar joint and joint between atlas and
_______________of axis
Plane joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
dens
– ____________________________”knuckle-like”—
egg-shaped surface into oval cavity-side to side
or back and forth-can’t rotate around long axisbiaxial-knuckle joints
– Saddle joints-convex and concave area on both
surfaces-thumb-twiddling thumbs
– ____________________________head of one bone
in round socket of another-multiaxial-shoulder
and hips
Condyloid
joint
Ball-andsocket joint
bursitis
sprain
• __________________________-inflammation of
bursae or synovial membrane
• ________________________-ligaments or tendons
damaged by stretching-or torn-heal slowly due to
poor blood supply
• __________________> 100 different inflammatory or
dgenerative joint diseases---possibly bacterial
invasion
• ______________(OA)-most common arthritis-chronic
and degenerative ,typically afftects aged-affects
articular cartilage-bone thickens and bone spurs
grow on margin of joint-make crunching____________-noise----affects fingers,C and L spine
and knees and hips;slow and irreversible,but rarely
crippling;can be treated symptomatically for pain
and inflammation….possible treatments(?)-capsaicin
or glucosamine sulfate
arthritis
osteoarthritis
crepitus
• ____________________________(RA)-a chronic
inflammatory disorder-usually begins 40-50,but there
is a juvenile form;3x as many women as men-many
joints affected and usually symmetrically;course
varies.It is _________________________-destroy
own tissue-trigger unknown;begins w/ inflammation
of synovial membranes and fluid accumulates and
destroy tissue;PANNUS-abnormal tissue clings to
joint and erodes articular cartilage;scar tissue forms
and ossifies and bone ends become firmly
fused________________________________-not all
cases reach this stage.Treatment includes
immunosuppressant drugs and symptomatic
treatment
Rhematoid
arthritis
autoimmune
ankylosis
gout
• ________________________-uric acid(normal waste
of nucleic acid metabolism) accumulates in blood
and may deposit as crystals in joints-extreme
pain….more common in men,usually after 30untreated bones fuse and joint is
immobilized….several drugs prevent acute goutcolchicine,ibuprofen and dietary recommendations
V.Developmental aspects
• Young fetus is _________________________ and
fibrous membranes
• Bone growth along epiphyseal plates as one matures
• Changes from”C” spine to “S” spine
• __________________________-bone thinning
disease-
Hyaline
cartilage
osteoporosis
• READ THIS SECTION AND TAKE
ADDITIONAL NOTES