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Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions 4th edition Margaret Schell Frazier Jeanette Wist Drzymkowski Chapter 6 Diseases and Conditions of the Integumentary System Learning Objectives Explain the functions of the skin. Recognize common skin lesions. Describe how seborrheic dermatitis affects the skin. Discuss the common causes of contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Learning Objectives (cont’d.) Describe the treatment of acne vulgaris. Explain the pathologic course of herpes zoster. Name the etiology of impetigo. Explain why the treatment of cellulitis is important. Cite examples of classifications of fungal infections of the skin. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Learning Objectives (cont’d.) List preventative measures for decubitis ulcers. Name the two most common parasitic insects to infest man. Describe how infestation can occur. Name two common premalignant tumors. Differentiate the three types of skin cancer. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Learning Objectives (cont’d.) Describe the guidelines for avoiding excessive sun exposure. List some conditions that are caused by the abnormal development or distribution of melanocytes. Name some possible causes of alopecia. State the cause of warts. List some of the likely causes of deformed or discolored nails. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 6 Lesson 6.1 Components of the Integumentary System Skin and accessory organs: Hair Nails Glands Skin layers Dermis Epidermis Subcutaneous layer Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Normal Skin Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Common Skin Condition Symptoms cutaneous lesions or eruptions pruritis (itching) pain edema (swelling) erythema (redness) inflammation Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. A Few Common Skin Lesions macule plaque cyst pustule scale burrow papule nodule vesicle crust fissure comedo Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Skin Lesions Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Skin Lesion (cont’d.) Note the differences between a macule and a papule: Macule: small, flat, circumscribed lesion of different color than the rest of the skin Papule: a small firm, elevated lesion Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Skin Lesion (cont’d.) Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Skin Lesion (cont’d.) Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Common Diseases of the Skin Dermatitis Seborrheic dermatitis Contact dermatitis Atopic dermatitis (eczema) Psoriasis Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Common Diseases of the Skin (cont’d.) Note the differences between seborrheic dermatitis and contact dermatitis: seborrheic dermatitis – idiopathic condition resulting in overproduction of sebum contact dermatitis – localized redness and swelling caused by an irritant or allergen Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Common Diseases of the Skin (cont’d.) Acne vulgaris: an inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles Herpes zoster (shingles): an acute inflammatory dermatomal eruption of painful vesicles Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Common Diseases of the Skin (cont’d.) Chickenpox is a precursor to shingles. Both are caused by the herpes varicellazoster virus. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 6 Lesson 6.2 Common Diseases of the Skin (cont’d.) Impetigo: contagious, superficial skin infection Cellulitis: acute, diffuse, bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Dermatophytoses Tinea capitis Tinea corporis (ringworm) Tinea unguium Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) Tinea cruris (jock itch) Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 6 Lesson 6.3 Other Diseases of the Skin Decubitis ulcers (bed sores): localized areas of dead skin Scabies: infestation by parasitic insects called itch mites Pediculus: infestation by lice; wingless parasites that feed on human blood Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Other Diseases of the Skin (cont’d.) Species that infest the head and body Pediculus humanus capitis – lice that infest the head Pediculus humanus corporis – lice that infest the body Phthirus pubis – pubic lice (crabs) Sarcoptes scabiei – itch mites Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Benign Tumors Seborrheic keratosis: benign growths originating in the epidermis Dermatofibroma: benign, asymptomatic growths that can be found anywhere on the body Achrochordon (skin tag): common benign skin growths found mainly on the axilla, neck, and inguinal areas of the body Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Premalignant Tumors Actinic keratosis: common pre-malignant lesions found on sun-exposed areas of the body Indications: an area of rough, vascular skin, which later forms a yellow crust. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Skin Carcinomas Non-melanoma skin cancers Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) Malignant melanomas The ABCs of malignant melanoma: • A = asymmetry • B = border • C = color • D = diameter Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Protection of Skin from the Sun Avoid exposure 10 a.m.– 3 p.m. Plan outdoor activities for early morning or late afternoon Wear protective clothing Use sunscreen Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Abnormal Skin Pigmentation albinism: inability to produce melanin (inherited) vitiligo: pale, irregular patches (may be an immune system disorder) melasma (chloasma): patches of darker skin on the face hemangiomas: benign lesions of highly vascularized skin; they may be flat (port-wine stains), elevated, or protuberant Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Abnormal Skin Pigmentation (cont’d.) nevi (moles): small, dark collections of melanocytes pityriasis: fungal infection; causes patches of flaky, light, or dark skin on the trunk abnormal suntan: unusual darkening of the skin resulting from properly used medications Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 6 Lesson 6.4 Causes of Alopecia (Baldness) heredity aging process systemic illness dermatitis Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. More Common Diseases of the Skin Verrucae (warts): warts are elevated growths of the epidermis that result from hyperplasia Deformed or discolored nails: any unusual thickening, color variation, or change in shape of fingernails or toenails Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
