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Chapter 21 Our Solar System Lesson 1 Planets orbit the Sun at different distances Planets have different sizes and distances Planets do NOT give off light-they reflect sunlight like the moon The sun is the center of the universe and all planets orbit the sun My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas Inner planets closest to the sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars Asteroid belt Outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto Distances in Space Astronomical unit (AU) is Earth’s average distance from the Sun (about 150 million kilometers or 93 million miles) 1st four planets are somewhat close to the Sun The other planets are very far away from the Sun Distance in space is measured in AU’s Orbits 99% of all mass in solar system is in Sun Gravitational pull of Sun keeps planets moving around the Sun This move is called an orbit An orbit is a flattened circle, or an oval Big Bang Theory The solar system formed from a swirling cloud of gas and dust according to this theory. The cloud formed into a disk of whirling material. Most the mass fell to the center and became a star-the Sun. Tiny bits of dust froze and became largerplanets-they moved in the same direction Other Space Facts Asteroids-rock or mountains in space Comets-like enormous snowballs or icebergs Moons-objects orbit planets instead of orbiting the Sun directly Lesson 2 The inner solar system planets are called terrestrial planets Terrestrial planets are rocky and have dense mantles and cores They all have similar patterns and design Similarities Tectonics-crusts change due to hot material underneath Volcano-when molten rock moves from the interior to the surface Weathering/Erosion-breaking down of rocks through wind, water, ice and temperature Craters-places where something has impacted the Earth Page 727 Atmospheres Atmospheres on terrestrial planets formed from gases that poured out of volcanoes Atmosphere can move energy from warm to cool places Atmosphere can also make planet’s surface warmer by slowly loosing energy Earth Mountains and valleys are formed from tectonic plates colliding Volcanoes are formed on Earth Water, wind and gravity cause erosion Craters are usually covered by erosion Atmosphere keeps it warm enough for water (Oceans cover 3/4 of Earth) Mercury Tectonics-Long high cliffs Volcanoes-Parts covered with cooled lava Erosion-Temperature and gravity Craters-Round craters have not changed much for a long time Atmosphere-none but has extreme temperature changes Longest cycle of day and night (3 months) Venus Tectonics-Cracks and cliffs Volcanoes-covered with lava Erosion-too hot for any form of liquid and winds don’t move quickly Craters-Few Atmosphere-thick enough to protect it from most craters Mars Tectonics-Valles Marineris as long as the U.S. is a huge system of valleys Volcanoes-North has smooth cooled lavasome higher than mountains on Earth Erosion-Fast winds and gravity-appears to have flash floods long ago Craters-some very old onesmostly in the south Mars Atmosphere-Thin-Polar caps (mostly dry ice), no liquid water, large difference in temperatures causing fast winds (sometimes wind storms) Two tiny moons (predicted to once have been asteroids pulled into orbit) Lesson 3 The outer solar system consists of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Four giant gas planets with very deep atmospheres Large planets that orbit slowly around the sun All gas giants have rings Jupiter A world of storms and clouds Largest planet (10+ times Earth) Rotates in 10 hours and orbits in 12 years Great Red Spot-large storm twice the size of Earth and at least 100 years old 4 large moons-Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto Saturn Ringed planet-ring is larger than the distance between Earth and the moonmade of chunks of ice the size of our school Weak gravitational pull Rotates in 11 hours and orbits in 29 years Largest moon-Titan Uranus Rings and moons Seems to spin on its side 40 years of sunlight and 40 of darkness Rotates in 17 hours and orbits in 84 years Has small moons Neptune A moon orbits in opposite direction of rotation Appears very smooth Rotates in 16 hours and orbits in 164 years Largest moon-Triton Lesson 4 Pluto and most objects in the outer solar system are made of ice and rock Asteroid vs Comet Meteor vs Meteorite Pluto Smallest “dwarf” planet Smaller than Earth’s moon Very weak gravitational pull Thin atmosphere No spacecraft has passed close No clear images-mostly predictions Small moon-Charon Asteroids Asteroids-small solid rocky bodies that orbit close to the sun Irregular shapes Asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter10,000+ Collisions form craters Comets An object that produces a coma (trailing cloud) Appears as a fuzzy spot in the night sky Sun turns ice into gas so tail points away from sun always Most are not visible on Earth to the naked eye Meteor-Meteorite Brief streaks of light from very hot objects Meteorite when it reaches Earth’s surface Fireballs that last only seconds in the sky Meteor showers are when several are visible per hour Test Time Complete review on page 749 Study vocabulary and review for test Study pictures in chapter for test Do your best!