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Hinduism and Buddhism Chapter 3 Section 3 Vedanta • “End of the Vedas” • 700 B.C. – Indian religious thinkers questioned the authority of the Brahmins • Vedanta • Teachings collected in the Upanishads, which explained the Vedanta religion • Ordinary people could not read or write, so they learned through teachings and stories Vedanta • Epics – Eventually the stories were combined into two epics • The Mahabharata • The Ramayana – Read last paragraph on p. 60 – What is the importance of these epics? Societal Developments • Between 1500 B.C. and A.D. 500 – Caste system • Transformed Indian society – Created 4 distinct “varnas” • Varna- social class Varnas Rulers and Warriors Brahmins, priests, and scholars Merchants, traders, and farmers Peasants and others who did menial labor Pariahs, or “untouchables”- performed unclean jobs (read quote on p. 61) Varnas • Jati – Over time, the 4 varnas formed subgroups called Jati – A person was born into his/her parents’ jati – Very strict rules • It determined: – Your job – Who you could eat with – Who you could marry Discussion • How would your life be different if a caste system existed in the United States? – Material possessions? – Boyfriends/Girlfriends? – Jobs? • Agree or Disagree: Although not as explicit, a certain cycle exists today that would resemble a caste system. • How can you change or continue the cycle? Hinduism • Gradually spread to become India’s major religion – Developed from the Brahmin priests’ explanations of the Vedas • Brahman-the Hindu God – A divine essence that fills everything in the world • Self/Atman – A person’s individual essence • Brahman and Atman are one in the same – This means that all things in the universe are of the same essence as God Hinduism • Monistic – Belief in the unity of God and creation – Not monotheistic (belief in one god) • Beliefs: – The world we see is an illusion, maya • If people accept maya, they cannot be saved – It may take many lifetimes to fully recognize maya • Reincarnation-rebirth of souls Hinduism • Dharma – Doing one’s moral duties • Karma – Good or bad force created by a person’s actions • Reincarnation – Fulfilling dharma and having good karma=higher social group – Those not living moral lives=lower social group or even animal Hinduism • Nirvana – Eventually, souls who grow will reach nirvana • A perfect peace • Soul unites with Brahman • Brahman – Can be represented by a number of gods • Ex. Vishnu the Preserver or Siva the Destroyer • Even spirits of trees and animals • But all are a part of Brahman • Not polytheistic Hinduism • Practices – Yoga: • Mental and physical exercises designed to bring the body and soul together – Festivals: • Religious ceremonies combined with rituals, dancing, eating, and drinking – Sacred animals • Especially cows, which are protected by law • Why do you think cows are sacred to Hindus? Hinduism • So what’s with the red dot? – It is called a “bindi” – Today, many girls and women choose to sport a bindi – In the past, it was meant to represent status and a sign that means a woman is happily married Hinduism • Video clip Buddhism • Founded by Siddhartha Gautama – Buddha, or “Enlightened One” – Born in 563 B.C. in northern India • Father was a wealthy prince • Shielded from the harsh realities of life – At 29, he ventured from his home • Shocked to learn of the tragedies of everyday life • Vowed to discover the reasons for suffering Buddha • The Great Renunciation – Siddhartha left his home and lifestyle in search of truth and meaning • Practiced yoga, meditated, and fasted until he nearly died • None gave answers – After 6 years, he found the truth that formed the basis of life while meditating • He became Buddha Buddha • Way of Life – Spent the remainder of life teaching followers to pursue the way to enlightenment • Teachings – Reincarnation • Believed the progress of the soul depends on the life a person leads – Salvation • Comes from knowing the “Four Noble Truths” and following the “Eightfold Path” Buddhism • Ethics – Code of morals and conduct • More important that ceremonies • • • • Stressed selflessness Did not accept the Hindu gods Believed priests should live in poverty Rejected the importance of the caste system – Believed any person could reach nirvana • Rejected the Vedas as “sacred writings” • Who do you think would embrace/reject these teachings? Buddhism • Read the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path – P. 64 – How do you stack up? • Activity – Interview a classmate and record their responses to questions about the Eightfold Path Buddhism • The Spreading of Buddhism – Buddha only gained a few followers during his lifetime • Split into 2 branches between 200 B.C. and A.D. 200 – Theravada Buddhism • Believed Buddha was a great teacher and spiritual leader – Mahayana Buddhism • Believed Buddha was a god and a savior • Declined in India, but gained many followers in other parts of Asia – See map on p. 63 Draw the Venn Diagram below: • HW • 10 pts Work in pairs to complete the diagram Hinduism Buddhism Buddhism • Video clip