Download The Visceral Nervous System

The Visceral Nervous System
山东大学医学院 解剖教研室
李振华
The Visceral Nervous System
Composition
 Visceral motor nerves (autonomic nervous system)
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Sympathetic part 交感部
Parasympathetic part 副交感部
Visceral sensory nerves
Visceral motor nerves
Main differences between somatic motor and visceral motor n.
Somatic
Visceral
Effectors
Skeletal
muscles
Cardiac, smooth muscles and
glands
Kind of fibers
One
Two: sympathetic and
parasympathetic
From lower
center to
effect require
Single
neuron
Two neurons: preganglionic
neuron (fiber) and
postganglionic neuron (fiber)
Fibers
Thick
myelinated
Distributive
form
Nerve trunk
Nerve plexuses
Control
Voluntary
Involuntary (unconsciousness )
(consciousness)
Preganglionic: thin myelinated
postganglionic: unmyelinated
Sympathetic part 交感部
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Lower center:
located in lateral gray
horn of spinal cord
segments T1~L3
Sympathetic
ganglia
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Paravertebral ganglia
椎旁节
Prevertebral ganglia
椎前节
Paravertebral ganglia 椎旁节
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Arranged on either side
of vertebral column
Consist of 19~22 of
oval-shaped ganglia
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Three cervical
10~12 thoracic
4 lumbar
2~3 sacral
Ganglion impar奇神经节:
unpaired on the anterior
face of coccyx
Sympathetic trunk 交感干
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Formed by paravertebral
ganglia and interganglionic
branches
Lie on either side of
vertebral column from base
of skull to coccyx
The trunks of two side unite
in front of the coccyx at a
small swelling, the ganglion
impar
Prevertebral ganglia 椎前节
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Lie anterior to vertebral
column and near the
arteries for which they are
named
Celiac ganglion 腹腔神经节
Aorticorenal ganglion
主动脉肾节
Superior mesenteric
ganglion 肠系膜上神经节
Inferior mesenteric
ganglion肠系膜下神经节
Three fates of preganglionic fibers
Preganglionic fibers 15 pairs white communicating branch
(only spinal levels T1~L3 have
white communicating branch)
Sympathetic trunk
Three fates of preganglionic fibers
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Relay in corresponding
ganglion
Ascend or descend in
sympathetic trunk and
relay in higher or lower
ganglia
Pass without synapse to
a prevertebral ganglion
for relay

Greater splanchnic nerve 内脏大神经
formed by preganglionic fibers from
T5~T9 ganglia, and relay in celiac
ganglion.

Lesser splanchnic nerve 内脏小神经
formed by preganglionic fibers from
T10~T12 ganglia, and relay in
aorticorenal ganglion.

The postganglionic fibers supply the
liver, spleen, kidney and alimentary
tract as far as the left colic flexure.
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Lumbar splanchnic nerve
腰内脏神经

Formed by preganglionic fibers from
L1~L4 ganglia, and relay in
prevertebral ganglia.

The postganglionic fibers
supplydescending and sigmoid colon,
rectum, pelvic viscera and lower limbs.
Three fates of postganglionic fibers
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Back to a spinal nerve
along gray communicating
branches ( 31 pairs ) to
terminate in blood vessels,
arrectores pilorum and
sweat glands of head, neck,
trunk and limbs
The fibers from their
networks around blood
vessels passing to visceral
end organs
Terminate directly in certain
organs
Distribution of sympathetic nerve
Preganglionic fibers Postganglionic fibers
T1~T5
Head, neck, upper limb
and thoracic viscera
T5~T12
Abdominal viscera
L1~L3
Pelvic viscera and lower
limb
Parasympathetic part 副交感部
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Lower center: located in four pairs parasympathetic
nuclei in brain stem and in sacral parasympathetic
nucleus of spinal cord segments S2~S4
Parasympathetic ganglia: terminal ganglia are
near or within the wall of a visceral organ
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Para-organ ganglia 器官旁节：
 Ciliary ganglion 睫状神经节
 Pterygopalatine ganglion 翼腭神经节
 Submandibular ganglion 下颌下神经节
 Otic ganglion 耳神经节
Intramural ganglia 壁内节
Cranial portion颅部
Ⅲ
sphincter pupillae
and ciliary muscles
ciliary ganglion
Ⅶ
lacrimal gland
pterygopalatine ganglion
Ⅸ
submandibular ganglion
sublingual gland
submandibular gland
parotid gland
Ⅹ
otic ganglion
terminal ganglia
heart, lungs, liver, spleen
kidneys,alimentary tract
as far as left colic flexure
Cranial portion颅部
Ⅲ
accessory oculomotor nucleus
〈○
sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles
ciliary ganglion
Ⅶ
pterygopalatine ganglion
〈○
lacrimal gland
superior salivatory nucleus
〈○
submandibular ganglion
sublingual gland
submandibular gland
Ⅸ
〈○
otic ganglion
inferior salivator nucleus
Ⅹ
dorsal nucleus of vagus n.
〈○
terminal ganglia
parotid gland
heart, lungs, liver, spleen,
kidneys,alimentary tract
as far as left colic flexure
Sacral portion 骶部
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Preganglionic fibers from sacral
parasympathetic nucleus leave
spinal cord with anterior roots
of the spinal nerves S2~S4,
Then leave sacral nerves and
form pelvic splanchnic nerve
and travel by way of pelvic
plexus to terminal ganglia in
pelvic cavity
Postganglionic fibers terminate
in descending and sigmoid
colon, rectum and pelvic
viscera
Main differences between sympathetic
and parasympathetic
Main differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Lower center
Lateral gray horn of
spinal cord segments
T1~L3
Four pairs parasympathetic
nuclei and sacral
parasympathetic nucleus
Ganglia
Paravertebral,
prevertebral
Terminal
Preganglionic f.
Shorter
Longer
Postganglionic f.
Longer
Shorter
Pre: Postganglionic
1: many more
1: a few
Distributions
Throughout the body
Limited primarily to head
and viscera of thorax,
abdomen, and pelvis
Different action
Prepares for emergency
situation (fight or flight)
Conserve and restore body
energy (rest and relaxation)
Visceral plexuses
Cardiac plexuses
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Superficial , below aortic
arch
Deep, anterior to
bifurcation on trachea
Pulmonary plexus
Celiac plexus
Abdominal aortic plexus
Hypogastric plexus
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Superior hypogastric
plexus
Inferior hypogastric
plexus (pelvic plexus)
Visceral sensory nerves
Nucleus of solitary tract
Ⅶ，Ⅸ, Ⅹ
Thalamus
Enteroceptors
Posterior horn
Cerebral
cortex
Hypothalamus
Effectors
Sympathetic nerve
Pelvic splanchnic nerve
Somatic motor neurons
visceral motor neuclei
Referred pain 牵涉痛
The Endocrine System
山东大学医学院 解剖教研室
李振华
The Endocrine System
Composition
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Endocrine glands: have no ducts, their
secretions (hormone) release directly into
bloodstream to its target organ
Endocrine tissue
Thyroid gland 甲状腺

Shape and position
H-shape
 Left and right lobes: lie on either side of
inferior part of larynx and superior
part of trachea, extend from middle of
thyroid cartilage to level of sixth
trachea cartilage
 Isthmus: overlies 2nd to 4th tracheal
cartilage
 Pyramidal lobe: some times arises from
isthmus
Fibrous capsule: a sheath of pretracheal
fascia which is attached to arch of cricoid
and thyroid cartilages, hence, the thyroid
gland moves with larynx during
swallowing and oscillates during speaking
Function: to produce thyroxin, regulating
the rate of metabolism and growth of bony
and nervous system
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Parathyroid gland 甲状旁腺
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Yellowish-brown, ovoid bodies
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Position
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Two superior parathyroid
glands: lie at junction of
superior and middle third of
posterior border of thyroid
gland
Two inferior parathyroid
glands: lie near the inferior
thyroid artery, close to the
inferior poles of thyroid gland
Function: regulate calcium
and phosphate balance and
is therefore essential for life
Suprarenal gland
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Shape and position
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Right is pyramidal in shape,
left one semilunar in shape,
consisting of out cortex and
inner medulla
Located retroperitoneally,
superomedial to superior
poles of each kidney,
enclose with the kidney by
the renal fascia
Function: secretes
adrenaline, noradrenaline
and several steroid
hormones
Hypophysis
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Shape and position
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Pea-sized organ, attached
by infundibulum to
hypothalamus, lies in
hypophysial fossa
Consists of two parts:
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Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis
Relationship
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Above－diaphragm sellae
Anterosuperior－optic
chiasma and optic nerve
Laterally－cavernous sinus
Below－sphenoid sinus
Pineal body 松果体
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locates in posterosuperior to thalamus, attached by stalk to
posterior part of roof of third ventricle
Thymus 胸腺
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Position:
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Located in superior
mediastinum
Posterior to sternum and
between the lungs
Function:
 Secrets thymosin: to aid
in maturation of T-cell
 Secrets thymopoietin
Endocrine tissue
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Pancreatic islet
Gonad
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Ovary
Testis