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The French Revolution Chapter Seven The French Revolution Introduction How would you define an unjust government? What, if anything, would lead you to take part in a violent revolution? Why do most people dislike taxes? Causes of the French Revolution In the 1700s France was considered the most advanced country of Europe Influence of the Enlightenment and American Revolution Encourage overthrow of monarchy Financial Problems Deep debt caused bankruptcy Bad harvests Unfair tax system Influence of Enlightenment i.e. Locke, Rousseau and Voltaire The Estate System The Old Regime 1770s The French people were divided into three estates (classes) 1st Estate- RCC Clergy (1% of pop) Paid few taxes Owned 10% of land 2nd Estate-Nobles (2% of pop) Paid no taxes Owned 20% of land 3rd Estate-Peasants (97%) 50% income tax Urban workers, middle class,etc. A Closer Look at the rd 3 Estate 3 groups existed inside of the 3rd Estate 1. The Bourgeoisie, or middle class, were bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals and skilled artisans. They were well educated and some were wealthy. 2. The workers of France’s cities formed the second and poorest group in the 3rd Estate. They were paid low wages and were often out of work 3. Peasants formed the largest group, 80% of France’s 26 million people. They paid half of their income to nobles, the Church and the King’s taxes. How the Revolution started King Louis XVI was a weak leader – Called a meeting of the Estates General 5/5/1789 It was the first meeting in 175 years Representatives from all three estates To change unfair tax system Fight over voting system King Louis XVI and the Queen Marie Antoinette How the Revolution started Third Estate has little power in the Estates General – always outvoted Want a change in the government More political power for the 3rd Estates Third Estates delegates are locked out of the meeting Decide to meet across the street How the Revolution started Tennis Court Oath-set up a constitution Members of the Third Estate formed the National Assembly; June 17th 1789 Proclaiming the end of the absolute monarchy and declaring a representative democracy How the Revolution started Fall of the Bastille (July 14th, 1789) Angry mob in search of guns and ammo Freeing of political prisoners Jail seen by many as a symbol of tyranny How the Revolution started The Great Fear Peasants become outlaws & begin to attack members of the 1st and 2nd Estates October 1789 women of Paris revolt over the rising cost of bread because rumors were that the queen was hoarding grain Force King Louis XVI to leaves his palace in Versailles and returns to Paris Course of the Revolution National Assembly 1789 Establishes the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Liberty, equality, and fraternity All people created and treated equally Reflects the ideas of the US DOI Course of the Revolution King Louis XVI Tries to Escape disguised as a servant Fearing for his life, the King tries to escape Fails to leave France He and the royal family are jailed (June 1791) Course of the Revolution (cont) The Legislative Assembly (Sept.1791) Legislative Assembly replaced the National Assembly King still held some executive power The National Convention (1792) Legislative Assembly came under the control of the Jacobins Radical faction that abolished the monarchy Replaced the Legislative Assembly with the National Convention Reign of Terror (July 1793-1794) Led by the Committee of Public Safety (police force) Chairman Maximilien Robespierre Eliminated all traces of the old France. Also closed all churches Ruled France for a year as dictator Terror Continued In charge of suppressing ANY opposition The King, Queen, and other “enemies” were executed Over 40,000 people in total The Reign ended in July of 1794, when members of the National Convention turned on Robespierre and he was executed The Guillotine Execution of King Louis XVI From the Reign of Terror to Napoleon After the execution of Robespierre the people of France were tired of living in an age of terror They were also tired of the skyrocketing prices of bread, salt and other goods In 1795 the National Convention drafted a new plan for government (the 3rd since 1789); it called for a 2 house legislature and a executive body of 5 men known as the Directory The Rise of Napoleon The Directory (1795-1799) appointed Napoleon as general of the French army in 1796 1799-The “coup d'etat”. After returning from war Napoleon leads his soldiers to the National Legislature where they drive out it’s members Napoleon was named “First Consul” and assumed the role of dictator The Rise of Napoleon Napoleon Improves France Set up an efficient method of tax collection and created the Bank of France Reinstated Roman Catholicism as the state religion Established the Napoleonic Code – a comprehensive system of laws, which eliminated many injustices although it limited freedom of speech and restored slavery In 1804 Napoleon is named Emperor of France The Governments of France during the Revolution Old Regime (?-1789) National Assembly (1789-1791) Legislative Assembly (1791-1792) Convention (1792-1795) Directory (1795-1799) Consulate (1799-1800) Emperor Napoleon (1800-1815) Monarchy (1815-) Napoleon The Reign of Napoleon Bonaparte Emperor Napoleon’s Successes Defeated of Austrians at Marengo (1800) Established French power on the continent Napoleon's defeat of various European countries (1805-10) He installed relatives and loyalists as leaders Holland Several German Provinces Italy Naples Spain Sweden Emperor Napoleon’s Mistakes The invasion of England Battle at Trafalgar (1805) The Peninsular War (1808) Major defeat of Napoleon Ended Napoleon’s plan to invade England Instead, he tried the Continental System (blockade). The aim of this system was to close all ports and prevent trade & communication with Britain Fought against the Spanish (for five years) Drained French military resources. Lost 300,000 men The invasion of Russia (1812) Thousands of French troops died due to winter conditions Russians used the scorched earth policy- burned grain and killed live-stock so the enemy would have nothing to eat The Reign of Napoleon Bonaparte The End of Napoleon By 1813 – All of the major European powers were allied against France 1814 – In March Paris fell to Russia and Prussia Napoleon surrendered his throne and was exiled on the Mediterranean island of Elba. 1815 – He escaped and marched on the French capital and took control of France for 100 days The Battle of Waterloo vs the British in Belgium Ended his brief second reign The British imprisoned him Island of St Helena, where he died on 5/5/1821 The Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 What was it? International conference that was called to remake Europe after the downfall of Napoleon Who were the important players? Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain Austria – Prince Klemens von Metternich Russia – Emperor Alexander I Prussia – Prince Karl August von Hardenberg Great Britain –Lord Castlereagh & Duke Wellesley The Congress of Vienna Klemens von Metternich Duke Wellesley Alexander I Karl August von Hardenberg The Congress of Vienna Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria developed a plan that was followed Containment of France Balance of Power France lost power Other nations (especially those around France) gained tremendous power France still strong, but no country could easily overpower another Legitimacy Returning leaders who Napoleon ousted The Congress of Vienna What was the goal of the Congress? Reestablish a balance of power in Europe Establish peace between nations Was it successful? Highly successful - peace lasted almost 40 years Established a German Empire Germany in 1815 Formation of Alliances Rulers were worried about other nations Formed alliances The Holy Alliance Russia, Austria, and Prussia Alliance based on Christian principles The Concert of Europe Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain Set up to protect each other if revolutions broke out Legacy of Chapter Seven The French Revolution Democracy in Europe The Napoleonic Age Nationalism spread throughout Europe Seen as the best way to ensure equality and justice Particularly in Italy and Germany Colonies began to fight for independence The Congress of Vienna Time of Peace No major international wars for decades THE END