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Nationalists Sweeps the West Latin American Peoples Win Independence I. Colonial Society Divided Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Enslaved Africans Indians Revolutions in the Americas Revolution in Haiti Enslaved Africans outnumbered their masters dramatically Toussaint L’Ouverture emerged as the leader 1801 took control of the entire island and freed all the enslaved Africans Revolutions in the Americas 1804 colony declared an independent country Overall, independence was significant because it was the first black colony to free itself from European control Creoles Lead Independence in Venezuela, Argentina, and Mexico Background on Creoles Could not hold public office They were the best educated 1810, rebellion broke out Creoles opposed the Napoleon’s appointment of his brother as king of Spain Two Important Generals Simon Bolivar (Venezuelan) Jose de San Martin (Argentinean) Venezuela’s Independence Bolivar’s Victory Declared Venezuela’s independence in 1811 Was not accepted immediately 1819, led over 2,000 soldiers on a march through the Andes into Colombia. He won. 1821, won Venezuela’s independence. Then marched south to Ecuador where he met Jose de San Martin. Argentina’s Independence San Martin leads Southern Liberation Forces Declared Argentina’s independence in 1816. 1817 freed Chile. 1821, met with Bolivar to help drive the Spanish forces out of Peru. San Martin left his army for Bolivar to command. Significant because with a unified army, Bolivar is able to defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho. Latin America won their freedom. Mexico Ends Spanish Rule 1810, Miguel Hidalgo issued a rebellion against the Spanish Uprising alarmed the Spanish army and the creoles Army defeated Hidalgo in 1811. Rebels rallied around another leader – Jose Maria Morelos. Morelos led the revolution for four years. Defeated in 1815. Mexico Ends Spanish Rule Mexico’s Independence 1820, revolution in Spain put a liberal group in power As a result, Mexico’s creoles united to support Mexico’s independence from Spain. Augustin de Iturbide proclaimed independence in 1821 1823, Central America declared its independence from Mexico Brazil’s Independence 1807, Napoleon’s armies invaded both Spain and Portugal Royal family fled to Brazil After Napoleon’s defeat the government returned to Portugal but Dom Pedro, King John’s son stayed behind in Brazil. 1822, creoles demanded Brazil’s independence from Portugal. Brazilians sign a petition asking Dom Pedro to rule He agreed and he officially declared Brazil independent in 1822 through a bloodless revolution Europe Faces Revolutions Clash of Philosophies Three Schools of political thought. Conservative Argued for protecting traditional monarchies of Europe. Liberal They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated and the landowners would vote. Radical Favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. Believed that governments should practice the ideas of the French Revolution. Nationalism Develops In 1815, France, England, and Spain were the only nation-states in Europe. People who believed in nationalism were either liberals or radicals. In most cases, the liberal middle class led the struggle for constitutional government and the formation of nation-states. 1830s Uprisings Crushed Old order arranged by the Congress of Vienna was falling apart. Revolutionary zeal swept across Europe. Liberals and nationalists were openly revolting against conservative governments. Nationalists riots broke out against Dutch rule in Brussels. 1830, the Belgians declared their independence from Dutch control. 1830s Uprisings Crushed continued Italy Nationalists worked to unite several separate states on the Italian peninsula. Other states were independent and some were rule by Austria or the pope. Prince Metternich (Austrian) sent troops to restore order in Italy. Russia Poles staged a revolt in Warsaw in late 1830. Took Russian armies a year to crush the Polish uprising. By the mid-1830s the old order seemed to have reestablished itself but the appearance of stability did not last long. 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite 1848, ethnic uprisings erupted throughout Europe. Overall, European politics continued to seesaw. Many liberal gains were lost to conservatives within a year. By 1849, Europe had practically returned to conservatism that had controlled the governments before 1848. Radicals Change in France 1848 Revolts Only in France was the main goal of revolution a democratic government. The Third Republic Louis-Philippe fell from popular favor. Paris mob overturned monarchy and established a republic. Immediately, the new republic began to fall apart. Radicals split into factions. Differences set off bloody battles in Parisian streets. As a result, a moderate constitution was drawn up in 1848. • It called for a parliament and a strong president to be elected by the people. Radicals Change in France France Accepts a Strong Ruler December 1848, Louis-Napolean (nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte) won the presidential election. He built railroads, encouraged industrialization, and promoted a program of public works. Because of his policies, unemployment decreased in France, and the country experienced real prosperity. Reform in Russia Background Still under feudal system. By 1820s, many Russians believed that serfdom must end. It was morally wrong, but it was also preventing the empire from advancing economically. Czars were reluctant to free the serfs. Freeing them would anger the landowners, whose support they needed to stay in power. Reforms in Russia Defeat Brings Change Crimean War 1853. After the war, Nicholas’s son – Alexander II – decided to move Russia toward modernization and social change. Reforms in Russia Reform and Reaction 1861, issued a decree freeing serfs. Alexander II assassinated. Alexander III tightened czarist control over the country. Encouraged industrialization. Nationalism was a major force behind Russia’s drive toward industrial expansion.