Download Age of Enlightenment and Revolution

Age of Enlightenment and
Revolution
A changing world
Enlightenment
• 1600s – people began to question old ideas
about the world around them through reason
and rational thinking
• This led to the Scientific Revolution and the
Age of Reason or Enlightenment
The Scientific Revolution
• Rose with the use of experiments and
observation – scientists learned how things in
nature worked (planets, weather, plants)
• Laws of nature = Natural Law
• Scientific method – the systematic process for
gathering and analyzing evidence (developed by
Francis Bacon)
Famous Scientists
• Nicholas Copernicus and Galileo Galilei – the
planets revolve around the sun, not the earth
Famous Scientists
• Anton van
Leeuwenhoek –
discovered cells in living
matter using a simple
microscope
Famous Scientists
• Isaac Newton –
developed the Universal
Law of Gravitation;
explained why the
planets orbit the sun
Famous Scientists
• Edward Jenner – discovered the vaccine for
smallpox
Enlightenment
•
Philosophers created
new ways of thinking
about government
John Lock
Philosopher who believed:
• People have certain natural rights that belong to
them as human beings – life, liberty, and
property/belongings
• Government is necessary to ensure that people keep
those rights
• The government's power should be limited – if the
government does not do its job, the people have the
right to overthrow it
Adam Smith
• Laissez-faire economics
– where economy is
concerned, government
should do nothing
• Natural forces in
economy (supply and
demand) should be
allowed to work freely
• Government should
protect against invasion
by enemies, but not
poverty
The English Revolution
• Great Britain – tension
between monarchy and
Puritans
• Parliament (controlled
by Puritans) and King
Charles I fought over
money
• This argument led to the
English Civil War –
Puritans (Roundheads)
vs. supporters of the
king (Cavaliers)
• Oliver Cromwell – leader of
the Puritans
• Puritans won in 1646,
Charles beheaded
• Effect – new government
took power, monarchy
restored, but power of the
king was greatly limited
American
Revolution
• Causes – colonies
existed to make their
home country rich… one
way to do this was to
make sure that trade was
regulated through taxes
for the home country’s
benefit
• Catch – the taxes were
revenue taxes meant to Disagreement in the 1760s
raise money, not to
and early 1770s Colonists
regulate trade
were furious – “No taxation
without representation”
American Revolution
• 1775 – first shot of the
American Revolution in
Massachusetts
• July 4, 1776 – Congress
adopted the Declaration
of Independence
(adopted many of the
ideas of John Locke)
War of American Independence
Disadvantages
1) Faced the largest,
strongest professional
army and navy in the
world
2) Army was made up of
untrained recruits
3) Navy had only a
handful of ships
Advantages
Strong leadership:
1) George Washington –
put together an army
with good officers
2) Thomas Jefferson
3) Ben Franklin – got
France to join the war
effort
4) John Adams
A New Nation
• Lord Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781 – the
war was over
Now what??
We need government!
• First written plan: Articles of Confederation (did not
have a strong central government)
• 1787 – it was clear that the Articles were not working,
delegates met in Philadelphia to make some changes,
instead they created a Constitution
The US Constitution
•
Federal system – power shared between national, or
central government and the state governments
• Central government divided into 3 branches
1) Executive
2) Legislative
3) Judicial
A system of checks and balances was developed so one
branch would not gain too much power
The US Constitution
• Americans wanted certain natural rights guaranteed by
the Constitution – The Bill of Rights
• 1788 – Constitution ratified, Bill of Rights added –
guaranteed freedoms of religion, speech, press,
assembly, and petition; right to bear arms; freedom of
housing soldiers against will; freedom from unlawful
search and seizure; right to a speedy fair trial and trial
by jury; freedom from excessive bail, fines, or
punishment
The French Revolution
• Current King and
Queen – Louis XVI and
Marie Antoinette
• French Monarchies kept
a tight hold on their
power
• One thing they did not
control = money
• 1789 – France on the
verge of bankruptcy
France’s legislature (Estates-General)
1) First Estate – clergy
2) Second Estate –
nobility
3) Third Estate –
commoners
Let’s raise taxes!
• King Louis XVI needed
the agreement of the
Estates-General to raise
taxes to try to fix
France’s financial woes
• First and Second estates
paid no taxes
• Soooo…Third estate had
to pay taxes
You see why this
might cause some
hard feelings…
Meeting of the Estates-General
• May 5, 1789 – The Estates-General met for the
first time in 175 years
• Each estate met by itself and had 1 vote – the
Third Estate wanted the entire Estates-General
to meet and count each member’s vote
individually
• This type of meeting could bring about change
and reform
The National Assembly is Born
• King Louis refused to allow the three estates to
vote together
• Third Estate renamed itself The National
Assembly and began to work on a Constitution
• Louis locked them out of the meeting hall and
brought in troops to drive them out when they
met on the palace tennis court
Storming of the Bastille
• July 14, 1789 – people
of Paris destroy a hated
prison - marks the
beginning of the French
Revolution
Steps Towards Change
The National Assembly:
1) Eliminated privileges of the First and Second
Estates
2) Approved the Declaration of the Rights of
Man (stated the reasons for Revolution)
3) 1791 – adopted a constitution
The Constitution for France
• Powers of the monarchy were limited
• Government divided into three branches:
1) Executive
2) Legislative
3) Judicial
• Church property – taken by government and
sold
• Government controlled the church – paid
priests’ salaries
Legislative Assembly
• The National Assembly disbanded and became
the Legislative Assembly
• Radicals existed who opposed the assembly and
wanted a republic of their own
Fear of the Spread of Revolution
• Prussia and Austria
attacked France to
defeat the
Revolutionaries and
restore Louis to power
• Mobs took to the streets
of Paris again
• Radicals took advantage
of the chaos and called a
National Convention to
write a new Constitution
The National Convention
• The radicals governed from 1792 to 1795
During this time:
1) The monarchy was abolished
2) Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were tried,
convicted, and beheaded at the guillotine
3) The Reign of Terror took place
Reign of Terror
• Jacobins – most radical
members of the
Convention seized
power in 1793
• Anyone suspected of
opposing them faced
arrest and execution via
guillotine
• Thousands died in the
short year
The Directory
• 1795 – new constitution established a legislature
with two houses and an executive branch of five
directors
• The Directory governed France from 1795 to
1799
• France continued to be in a state of political
chaos
Napoleon Bonaparte
• 1700 Napoleon and a
group of officers
overthrew the Directory
• Napoleon became the
new ruler of France
The Rise and Fall of Napoleon
• Restored order and the • At the same time,
economy improved
Napoleon took more
and more power for
• Set up a centralized
himself…
government managed by
a professional
• Napoleon ignored the
bureaucracy
freedom of press and
shut down the
• Reform: the Napoleonic
newspapers that
Code – seven codes that
opposed him
replaced many systems if
law
• 1804 – Declared himself
emperor
The Rise and Fall of Napoleon
• 1805-1813: led France
into one war after
another – Napoleonic
Wars
• 1813 – forced to step
down, sent to the island
of Elba
** Congress of Vienna
assembly in 1814–15 that
reorganized Europe chaired
by Austrian statesman
Klemens von Metternich
• 1815 – escaped and took
command of another French
army to fight the Battle of
Waterloo, defeated again
• Sent to St. Helena Island
where he died in 1821
Lasting Ideas of the Revolution
• Napoleon wanted to spread the ideas of the
Revolution, in the nations that he conquered,
he set up governments based on:
1) Legal equality
2) Economic opportunity
3) Religious tolerance
4) Limited power of nobility and clergy
Still There? Let’s Recap!
• The American Revolution was influenced by
ideas of the Enlightenment.
• The French Revolution was influenced by the
American Revolution and the Enlightenment.
• The Revolutions in South America were
brought on by all three.
South American Revolutions
The Social
classes in South
America added a
spark for
Revolution
Peninsulares:
Native Spaniards
Creoles: People of pure
European blood, but born
in the New World
Mestizos: Indian + European blood
Mulattos: African + European blood
Native Americans and Africans
**The Creoles
wanted a say in
government,
but a council in
Spain made
laws for all
colonies
First Uprising
• St. Domingue – a
French Colony in the
Caribbean
• The free people of color
demanded citizenship,
wealthy French colonists
resisted – the result was
rebellion
• Rebels – under control
of Toussaint
L’Ouverture
Changes in St. Domingue
• 1794 – National Convention ended slavery in
France’s colonies
• French were fighting with Spain and Great
Britain
• Rebels joined forces with France to defeat
France’s enemies
• France made Toussaint governor-general for
life of the colony
Here comes Napoleon again…
• Once he seized control of France in 1799, he
wanted to restore slavery and put French
officials in control of St. Domingue
• Invasion of the island failed, Toussaint was
captured
• The island was declared independent in 1804
and took the new name of Haiti, meaning, “a
higher place”
Mexican Independence
• Father Miguel Hidalgo –
inspired by Enlightenment
ideas of liberty and equality
• Called upon his people to
rebel against the Spanish
• Hidalgo’s armies were made
up of 60,000 Mestizos and
Native Americans –
marched towards Mexico
city and captured several
provinces
• Set up a government,
returned Native American
land, and slavery was ended
A Few Problems…
• Hidalgo was not a good general
• Peninsulares and Creoles were frightened of his
policies and did not want to give up wealth and
power – supported Spanish government
• Hidalgo’s troops were no match for the Spanish
army, they were defeated and Hidalgo was
executed
A New Mexico
• 1821 – Peninsulares and Creoles decided to act for
themselves – Agustin de Inturbide came to power
• He had the support of the rebels and the wealthy
• Forces defeated the Spanish, and Mexico declared its
independence, Inturbide declared himself emperor
• Overthrown in 1823, Mexico became a republic with a
government headed by a president
Freeing Spanish South America
• Two major players in the fight for
independence in South America - Simon
Bolivar and Jose de San Martin
• Both men were Creoles, their families sent
them to school in Europe where they were
exposed to ideas of the Enlightenment
• They became convinced that colonies must free
themselves from Spanish rule
Bolivar
• Bolivar returned to
Venezuela and spent
11 years fighting to
free it – succeeded in
1821
• Hailed as the
“Liberator” and made
president of the new
republic of Gran
Columbia
San Martin
• 1812 – San Martin returned
from Europe to what is
today Argentina
• San Martin wanted to
eliminate Spanish rule – in
1817, he put together an
army of volunteers and
marched them over the
Andes- caught the Spanish
by surprise and defeated a
large force
• 1821 – set out to capture
Lima, Peru – his forces took
Lima, but the Spanish
retreated into the mountains
• Bolivar and his army joined
San Martin
• San Martin withdrew
because the two men could
not agree on tactics
• Bolivar’s forces liberated the
rest of Peru