Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Latin American Peoples Win Independence • The French Revolution, the American Revolution, the Enlightenment, etc. sparked a wave of ideas spreading world wide about equality, freedom, and democracy Colonial Society Divided • Peninsulares- natives who were born in Spain • Creoles- Spaniards born in Latin America • Mestizos- people of mixed European and Indian descent • Mulattos- persons of mixed European and African descent Revolutions in the Americas • St. Domingue (Haiti) was the first Latin American territory to succeed from European rule • In August of 1791, one hundred thousand enslaved Africans rose in revolt of European rule • Toussaint L’Ouverture rose to become a leader in Haiti even though he was a former slave himself • The French send troops to Haiti to stop the revolution. L’Ouverture agrees to stop the revolution if the French end slavery. The French agree, but later accuse L’Ouverture of another uprising and take him to a French prison • After L’Ouverture was imprisoned, Jean-Jacques Dessalines took over the fight for freedom • On Jan. 1, 1804, Dessalines declared Haiti the first black colony to free itself from European rule Creoles Lead Independence • While Creoles could not hold public office, they were often the most educated group of people in Latin America • Many creoles traveled to Europe to study, where they learned about the Enlightenment • when Napoleon removed Ferdinand VII from power in 1808 and replaced him with his brother Joseph, Creoles argued the power switched from the king to the people • In 1810, rebellion broke up in several parts of Latin America over the new ruler • In South America, Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin start their own revolutionary movements Bolivar’s Route to Victory • Venezuela declared independence in 1811, but it wasn’t until 1821 that Bolivar actually won Venezuela’s independence in battle against the Spanish • After defeating the Spanish military in a battle in Bogota, Bolivar marched south into Ecuador where he met Jose de San Martin San Martin Leads Southern Liberation Forces • Argentina declared independence from Europe in 1816 • In order to drive Spanish forces completely out of Peru, San Martin and Bolivar realize they will need a much larger force • San Martin turned his command over his troops over to Bolivar, who led this unified revolutionary force to victory over the Spanish at the Battle of Peru in 1824 Mexico Ends Spanish Rule • In Mexico, Indians and mestizos played the major role in the revolutionary forces A Cry for Freedom • In 1810, Miguel Hidalgo started a revolutionary movement by ringing the church bells to gather peasants at the church. Once peasants arrived, he urged them to rebel against Spanish rule in his grito de Dolores • In September of 1810, Hidalgo’s followers (80,000) marched toward Mexico City. The Spanish army defeated Hidalgo in 1811, and the movement was then led by Jose Maria Morelos until 1815 when the Spanish army defeated him Mexico’s Independence • When a revolution in Spain put a liberal group in power there, Mexico’s creoles united in support of their independence from Spain • Agustin de Iturbide proclaimed Mexico’s independence in 1821 • After the revolutions, Iturbide refused to acknowledge the independence of Latin America states, and proclaimed himself emperor over all of them Brazil’s Royal Liberator • When Napoleon’s armies invaded Spain and Portugal in 1807, King John VI and the royal family boarded a ship and escaped to Brazil to avoid being captured • For the next 14 years, Portugal was ran from Brazil. When Napoleon was defeated in 1815, King John and the Portuguese government returned to Portugal. Dom Pedro, King John’s son, stayed behind in Brazil to rule Brazil. • King John originally intended to make Brazil a Portuguese colony again, but the Brazilians refused • Instead, 8,000 signed a petition asking Dom Pedro to rule, and he agreed • On Sept. 7th, 1822 he officially declared Brazil independent Europe Faces Revolutions Clash of Philosophies • In the first half of the 1800’s, three ideologies on government emerged amongst different groups of people as to which style of government would best suit the people: 1. Conservative- usually wealthy property owners and nobility who argued for protecting the traditional monarchs of Europe after C.o.V 2. Liberal- middle-class business leaders and merchants who wanted to give more power to elected parliaments (only the educated and landowners should vote) 3. Radical- includes many peasants who favored draastic change to extend democracy to all people Nationalism Develops • Nationalism is the belief that the people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history • The nationalist movement “blurred” the lines separating the three political theories going around • When a nation had its own independent government, it was considered a nation-state • In 1815 Europe only France, Britain, and Spain could call themselves nation-states Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power • The first people to win self-rule in Europe were the Greeks when they rebelled against the Ottoman Turks in 1821. Greeks Gain Independence • Other Christian countries around the globe felt sympathy towards Greece because they were being controlled by the Muslim Ottomans • In 1827 a combined British, French, and Russian fleet destroyed the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Navarino • In 1830 Britain, France, and Russia signed a treaty guaranteeing an independent kingdom of Greece 1830’s Uprisings Crushed • By the 1830’s, the order established by the Congress of Vienna was deteriorating and liberals/nationalists were revolting against conservative governments • Riots broke out in Belgium and in October of 1830 the Belgians declare their independence from the Dutch • In Italy, nationalists worked to unite many separated states (some of which were controlled by Austria, or the pope) • Poles rebelled against Russian control and staged a revolt in Warsaw late in 1830 • By the mid-1830’s there appeared to be a new order, but the stability didn’t last long 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite • In 1848, ethnic uprisings sprang up throughout Europe • Metternich abdicated the Austrian throne after a mob clashed with Austrian police in Vienna • Many liberal gains in governance were lost to conservatives within a year • By 1849, Europe practically had returned to the level of conservatism that had controlled governments before 1848 Radicals Change France • In 1830, France’s King Charles X tried to bring back the old monarchy • The attempt sparked riots throughout France, which forced Charles X to flee to Britain. Louis-Philippe, who supported liberal reforms replaced Charles X The Third Republic • By 1848, Louis-Philippe had lost popularity • Again, a mob in Paris overturned the monarchy and established a republic • The new republican government fell apart almost immediately the radicals split into factions with one wanting political reform, and the other wanting social/economic reform • Bloody battles spurred in Parisian streets, causing many to shift support away from the radicals • As a result, a moderate constitution was drawn up in 1848 that set up a parliament and established a strong presidency elected by the people France Accepts a Strong Ruler • In December of 1848, Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon’s nephew) won the presidential election • Four years later, he was crowned Emperor Napoleon III • The people faintly accepted the new emperor because they feared political instability and believed that a strong ruler was the solution • As emperor, Louis-Napoleon built railroads, encouraged industrialization, etc. • Because of Louis-Napoleon’s policies, unemployment decreased and the country experienced genuine prosperity Reform in Russia • Unlike France in the 1800’s, Russia was still involved in feudalism • The czars didn’t want to end serfdom because they needed the support of the landowners Defeat Brings Change • In 1853, Czar Nicholas I threatened to take over part of the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War • Due to the limited industries and transportation system, Russian troops didn’t receive adequate supplies and lost the war in 1856 • After the war, Nicholas I’s son Alexander II decided to bring reforms to Russia Reform and Reaction • First and boldest move of Alexander II was freeing the serfs in 1861 government paid landowners for their land, and freed serfs had 49 years to pay off the land given to them • In effect, they were still tied to the land. Just by the government rather than a vassal • Alexander II was assassinated in 1881, and the reforms stopped • Alexander III tightened czarist control and encouraged industrial development