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WWI & The Russian
Revolution
World War I
Prelude to War
 Who was the main man prior to WWI who
managed international affairs?
Bismarck
Prelude to War
 What was Britain’s foreign policy before
1902?
Splendid Isolation
Prelude to War
 Which territory/area did France want back
from Germany
Alsace-Lorraine
Prelude to War
 What was the main crisis other than the
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand that
instigated events that eventually culminated into
WWI?
The Balkans (Serbia) – Pan
Slavism
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
Prelude to War
 What two countries
consisted of the Dual
Alliance of 1879?
Germany
& Austria
Prelude to War
 What was ultimately
brought about due to
Wilhelm’s II failure to
continue the Reinsurance
Treaty with Russia?
Wilhelm II
Enemies on two fronts with the
alliance made between France and
Russia.
Prelude to War
 The Anglo-French Entente was:
• (A) a defensive treaty directed at containing German
expansion
• (B) a defensive treaty
directed at
containing German
•(C) resolved
Angloexpansion overseasFrench colonial disputes in
• (C) resolved Anglo-French
Egypt and colonial
Moroccodisputes in Egypt and
Morocco
• (D) a 19th century agreement which ended diplomatic
isolation of Britain
• (E) an agreement to finance the building of the TransSiberian railroad
Prelude to War
 (1) What was the significance of the Entente
Cordiale? (2) Who was it between? (3) What was
it – a defensive alliance, a truce, …?
 (1) It was a treaty that resolved various colonial
issues. (2) It was between France and Great
Britain. (3) It was an easing of tension between
the two countries but was not a formal military
alliance.
Prelude to War
 Why was the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia
abandoned? Give a few reasons.
•Bismarck, the “pilot” of international affairs was
dropped by Wilhelm II. The next chancellor could
not manage Bismarck’s complex alliances.
•Wilhelm wanted to strengthen relations with
Britain so he decided to drop Russia.
•Wilhelm II was irrational in his dealing with other
nations.
Prelude to War
 A long term trend which was a basic
cause of World War I was:
• (A) the decline of the Ottoman Empire.
• (B) the
Polandof the Ottoman
(A)rise
Theofdecline
• (C) Italian
Empireinterests in the Balkans
• (D) Russian refusal to become involved in the
Balkans
• (E) a decline in nationalist sentiment in Europe
Prelude to War!!!
 What did Wilhelm II do to worsen relations with
Great Britain and push them closer to France?
•Building up the German navy – challenging
Britain’s naval superiority.
•Moroccan Crisis 1: displayed Germany’s
aggressive behavior – pushed Britain closer to
France.
•Moroccan Crisis 2: same thing – pushed Britain
closer to France.
Prelude to War!!!
 (1) Why did Austria feel that they had to go to
war? (2) What was Germany role in their
decision? (3) What is the phrase for what they
offered?
 (1) They felt that if they showed weakness their
multinational state would fall apart. (2) Germany
backed Austria fully. (3) They offered them a
“blank check.”
The War Erupts in Europe
(1) What event
sparked the
beginning of
World War I?
(2) Who were
involved;
(3) where did it
happen?
(1) The assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand in (3) Sarajevo. (2) Gavrilo Princip
of the Black Hand from Serbia was the killer.
War!!!
 (1) Which country had the strongest army? (2)
Strongest navy?
(1) Germany had the strongest army. (2) Great
Britain had the strongest navy.
This is a sample of a song in the WWI period.
“Over There” by George M. Cohan.
War!!!
 (1) What was the initial reaction toward the war
of the people of the countries involved in WWI?
(2) Why was this important? (3) What happened
towards the end of the war?
(1) People were enthusiastic and nationalistic; they
supported the war. (2) It’s important because it
effectively paused revolutions and other
movements. (3) Towards the end of the war
people became tired and questioned the
government and nationalistic sentiment was lost.
War!!!
Why was war inevitable when Austria issued their
ultimatum to Serbia?
Their demands were impossible to meet – thus war
was inevitable.
War!!!
If the immediate conflict was between Serbia and
Austria, why did the rest of the world enter this
conflict? Give specific examples.
The confusing alliance system forged over decades
brought other countries into war. The dual alliance
between Austria and Germany and Pan-Slavism
which brought Russia into the war which brought
France who was allied to Russia along.
War!!!
 (1) What were the two coalitions of countries
called and what countries were part of them
during WWI? (2) What did they later become
called?
(1) The Triple Entente : Great Britain, France,
Russia ;
The Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria, and Italy.
(2) Triple Entente become Allied Powers.
Triple Alliance become the Central Powers.
War!!!
 (1) What was first used in WWI? (2) What did
this show about modern warfare? (3) What was
the meeting called to end these atrocities?
(1) Trench warfare, machine guns, most notably –
poison gas. (2) War was becoming increasingly
inhumane. (3) The Geneva Accords was a
meeting called to end war atrocities.
War!!!
 What was the war strategy the Germans had
entering this war to deal with the two-front war
with France and Germany?
The Schlieffen Plan
War!!!
Why did the Schlieffen
Plan fail? Give at
least 3 reasons.
•The “right arm” of Germany was slowed down by a stubborn and
resisting Belgium
•The German army pushed French forces back rather than luring
them to be crushed by the “right arm” of Germany’s forces.
• Russia attacked quickly and general Schlieffen died before the
strategy could be initiated. Some of the German army were sent to
the Eastern front weakening the “right arm.”
•Problems in Belgium caused Britain to declare war on Germany.
War!!!
What type of warfare emerged during World War I
never seen before – particularly in the Western
front?
Trench warfare.
War!!!
What did the Battles of the Marne, Sommes and
Verdun teach the countries involved?
WWI would be a war of attrition.
War!!!
 Who was
on the
offensive
in the battle
of the
Marne?
The German army
War!!!
 Who was on the offensive in the Battle of
Sommes?
The British and French forces.
War!!!
 What was the strongest German artillery called?
Big Bertha
War!!!
 (1) What was the short
term outcome of the
Battle of Tanneburg?
(2) Long term effect?
(1) Russia was pushed back and lost enormous
amounts of troops but (2) France was ultimately
saved since this (1) weakened the Schlieffen Plan
War!!!
 (1) What country was Lawrence of Arabia from?
(2) Why was he sent to the Ottoman Empire?
(1) England. (2) To stir up nationalism there.
War!!!
 (1) What country was enjoying a policy of
“Isolationism” at the beginning of the war? (2)
Why?
(1) The United States. (2) As a young country, they
did not want to become a part of Europe’s
problems.
War!!!
 What events influenced the U.S. to enter the war
on the side of the Triple Entente? Give at least 3
events.
•The Zimmerman Telegraph
• Unrestricted German submarine warfare
• More effective propaganda employed by French
and British newspapers, etc.
•Better relations with nations in the Triple Entente.
War!!!
 What is another reason the US joined the war
against the Central Powers?
Because the Allies had borrowed more money and
the US wanted them to be able to return it.
Another sound clip of a WWI song. “It’s a Long,
Long Way to Tipperary” by Jack Judge and Harry
Williams.
War!!!
 What was the Zimmerman Telegram?
The Zimmerman telegram was a telegram sent by
the German government, but intercepted by the
British, to the Mexican government. It told Mexico
to declare war on the U.S. and in return it would
receive some states.
War!!!
 What was the frightening new weapon that was
first used by the Germans?
Chemical warfare
War!!!
 Due to shortages in Germany how was milk
distributed among the people?
Only expecting mothers and children could have
milk.
War!!!
 Describe the common tactic used to penetrate the
enemies system of trenches.
First there is a massive bombardment by artillery
and then men would rush across no man’s land.
War!!!
 What was the role of airplanes in World War I?
Airplanes were mainly used as scouts, but often
bombs and guns were given to the pilots to use.
War!!!
 Who was the nickname of the best German pilot?
The Red Baron
War!!!
 What was the British solution to ending trench
warfare?
The brand new revolutionary machine, the tank.
War!!!
 What was the Balfour Declaration?
A British document that said that the British looked
favorably on the creation of a Israeli state.
War!!!
 What was Total War?
Total War was a system where a nation carefully
controlled the economy in order to maximize war
output
War!!!
 When did Kaiser William II abdicate?
November 9 1918
War!!!
 What caused the ending of WWI? Give a few
reasons.
• The arrival of the Americans – the Germans
realized that the war would never end.
• The naval blockade by Great Britain – Germans
were literally being starved out.
•Germany and her allies were in a worse position
than her enemies. People were suffering- starving.
War!!!
 The expression “all quiet on the western front”
refers to (1) what and (2) when?
(1) The armistice reached on (2) the 11th month, the
11th day and the 11th hour where fighting ceased.
Another song of WWI. “Roses of Picardy” by
Haydn Wood and Fred Weatherly.
War!!!
 (1) What would have been an ideal treaty for
WWI and which individual had it formulated? (2)
Why was it rejected?
(1) A treaty based on Wilson’s 14 Points including
self-autonomy and a league of nations to maintain
peace. (2) It was rejected because the other nations
were more cynical towards America’s idealism. The
only point accepted was the League of Nations but
that association had no power.
Fourteen Points
 What was one major
ideal of the Fourteen
Points that had to deal
with Germany and
reparations?
Woodrow Wilson
To not punish
Germany very harshly
Fourteen Points
 What was another major idea of the Fourteen
Points that had to deal with imperialism?
The removal of all colonies
Peace at Last
 (1) What treaty ended WWI? (2) On what date
was it signed?
(1) The Treaty of Versailles signed in (2) late 1918.
Peace at Last
 (1) At the Treaty of Versailles, who wanted to
cripple Germany? (2) Who wanted to make
punishment light? (3) Whose idea prevailed?
 (1) Georges Clemenceau, the French Premier did.
(2) Woodrow Wilson, president of the US did. (3)
Clemenceau was backed up by David Lloyd
George, British prime minister who was not that
adamant on crippling Germany but wanted
Germany punished.
Peace at Last
 Did the Austrian-Hungarian Empire exist after
World War I?
No, it was broken up into many small states.
Russian Revolution
Early Events
Revolution in Russia was inevitable. (1) Which war
did Russia lose and to whom in 1905? (2) What
did this cause? (3) Which event did this directly
instigate?
(1) The Russo-Japanese war to Japan. (2) This
discredited the tsarist government and encouraged
the forces of discontent in Russia to come to the
surface. (3) The result was the Revolution of 1905.
Early Events
 (1) What event occurred in the January of 1905?
(2) What happened and (3) what came as a result?
(1) Bloody Sunday, (2) when troops fired on a large
peaceful demonstration in St. Petersburg. (3) In the
aftermath, a great wave of demonstrations and
strikes swept the country. The army for the most
part was loyal to the government.
Early Events
(1) What did the government do to appease the
discontent people of Russia and to lessen the
stem of revolution? (2) What did this thing do?
Czar Nicholas II issued the (1) October Manifesto,
promising (2) to grant a constitution, to provide
guarantees of civil liberties, and to establish the
Duma, and elected parliament.
Early Events
 Did Czar Nicholas II abdicate
to the Duma?
Czar Nicholas II
No, he abdicated the throne to his brother who later
abdicated to the Duma.
World War I – in
1915 Czar
Nicholas II took
personal
command of the
army – leaving
the government
to his wife
Alexandra who
was unpopular.
Later there were
mass strikes –
army deserts
Nicholas. On
March 15th
Nicholas
abdicates.
Later Events
What is the biggest reason for the
collapse of the tsarist regime in
1917? Explain some of the events
that took place.
Later Events
 What was established in various towns and cities
in Russia for representation of workers, soldiers,
and sailors?
Soviets – the Petrograd Soviet was the most
prominent.
Later Events
 (1) “Peace, Land, and Bread” was promised by
whom? (2) What group was this person affiliated
with? (3) What soviet did they control?
(1) Vladimir Lenin. (2) The Bolsheviks. (3) The
Petrograd Soviet.
Lenin
Later Events
 Lenin overthrew the provisional government in
what was called ________?
The November Revolution.
Later Events
 Who was the temporary leader of the Provisional
Government?
Kerensky
Later Events
 Kerensky and the Mensheviks were in power
before the Bolsheviks. How did they lose power?
The stayed in World War I.
Later Events
 (1) How did Lenin withdraw Russia from the war?
(2) What in effect did that do to Russia?
(1) He made a separate treaty with Germany – the
Treaty of Brest-Litosk. (2) Russia lost a third of its
territory.
Civil War
 (1) What were the Bolsheviks (Communists)
called during the Civil War? (2) What were its
enemies called?
(1) Bolsheviks – Reds. (2) Everyone else - Whites
Civil War
 Although the White army was winning initially,
how did the Bolsheviks emerge victorious at the
end of the civil war?
The Communists had certain advantages. They
dominated the heart of the country had much of
Russia’s remaining industry under their control.
Their lines of communication and supply were
relatively short. Furthermore, Leon Trotsky created
a well organized and effective Red army. The
Whites failed to coordinate their efforts. Also
Russians feared a White victory would mean the
restoration of the old order
Civil War
 (1) What policy did the Soviet regime establish
during the civil war? (2) What did this policy
effectively do?
(1) War Communism. (2) The major industries, as
well as banks and insurance companies, were
nationalized. Private trade was prohibited, and the
regime requisitioned food from the peasants in
order to feed the cities. The Supreme Economic
Council supervised the operations of the Russian
economy.
Communist Rule
 (1) What policy did Lenin implement shortly
after the civil war? (2) Why? (3) What did this do?
(1) The New Economic Policy (NEP). (2) After the
Kronstadt rebellion, Lenin realized there was need
for change. He also wanted to appease peasants
who wanted some profit for the land they worked.
(3) It allowed limited capitalism, allowed some
private industries and limited trade.
Communist Rule
 After Lenin died, who were the two main
candidates to succeed him?
Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin.
Trotsky
Stalin
Conflict
 (1) Even though Trotsky was more popular and
prominent than Stalin, how was Stalin able to
obtain power? (2) What type of tactics did he use?
(1) He believed in socialism in one country rather
than Trotsky’s doctrine of permanent revolution.
Also formed alliances with other men as the general
secretary of the Soviet party and made friends to
eventually get rid of Trotsky from the inside. (2) He
used crafty tactics – he double crossed people and
terrified his enemies.
End of the Russian Revolution
AND
THE END
Of this
Powerpoint!