Download Chapter 10-Jefferson & Madison

Chapter 11
The Age of Jefferson-Republicans
Take Power
The Election of 1800
• In some ways the most important election in history
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS ELECTION--IT WAS THE
FIRST TIME IN HUMAN HISTORY THAT POLITICAL
POWER WAS FREELY AND PEACEABLY GIVEN UP TO AN
OPPOSITION GROUP.
– EACH TIME POWER HAD EVER CHANGED HAND IN HUMAN
HISTORY HAD BEEN AS A RESULT OF SOMESORT OF VIOLENT
ACTION.
• PEOPLE REALLY DID NOT KNOW WHAT TO EXPECT AS A
RESULT OF THIS CHANGE.
Jefferson as President
• JEFFERSON'S ACTIONS CALMED MANY FEARS THAT FEDERALISTS
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HAD THAT ALL THE WORK OF THE PREVIOUS 12 YEARS WOULD BE
SWEPT AWAY.
BECAME CONVINCED THAT A NATIONAL BANK DID MORE GOOD
THAN HARM IN HELPING MAKE THE AMERICAN ECONOMY STRONG
AND DID NOT MOVE TO REPEAL THE BANK.
CONTINUED TO REPAY THE DEBT ACCORDING TO THE SCHEDULE
ESTABLISHED BY HAMILTON.
REPEALED THE WHISKEY TAX BUT QUICKLY BROUGHT IT BACK
WHEN HE REALIZED THAT THE GOVERNMENT DID NOT HAVE ANY
OTHER WAY TO RAISE SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS OF REVENUE
NECESSARY TO REPAY THE DEBT AND PAY GOVERNMENTAL
EXPENSES.
BELIEVED IN A "LAISSEZ-FAIRE" APPROACH TO ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT.
THE JUDICIARY ACT OF 1801-THE MIDNIGHT JUDGES
• THIS WAS THE LAST ACT PASSED BY THE CONGRESS
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UNDER ADAMS. IT CREATED 42 NEW JUDGESHIPS
(JOBS IN THE JUDICIARY BRANCH)
ADAMS, SINCE HE WAS STILL PRESIDENT UNTIL
MARCH 1801, HAD A RIGHT TO FILL.
HE APPOINTED 42 FEDERALISTS TO THESE POSITIONS
UP UNTIL THE LAST MOMENTS OF HIS PRESIDENCY.
REPUBLICANS ACCUSED ADAMS OF MAKING THESE
APPOINTS UP TO MIDNIGHT OF HIS LAST DAY AS
PRESIDENT.
Marbury v. Madison
Marshall
• WILLIAM MARBURY WAS ONE OF THE "MID-NIGHT" JUDGES APPOINTED BY ADAMS,
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BUT DID NOT OFFICIALLY RECEIVE HIS COMMISSION BEFORE ADAMS AND THE
SECRETARY OF STATE, JOHN MARSHALL (MARSHALL HAD BEEN APPOINTED AS THE
SUPREME COURT CHIEF JUSTICE) LEFT OFFICE.
THE NEW SECRETARY OF STATE, JAMES MADISON, REFUSED TO DELIVER THE
APPOINTMENT DOCUMENTS TO MARBURY AND 4 OTHERS. THIS WOULD ALLOW
THE NEW PRESIDENT, JEFFERSON, TO APPOINT REPUBLICANS TO THESE
POSITIONS.
MARBURY ASKED THE SUPREME COURT TO ORDER MADISON TO TURN OVER THE
PAPERS BASED UPON THE JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789, WHICH GAVE THE POWER TO
THE COURTS TO ORDER ANOTHER OFFICIAL FROM ANOTHER BRANCH OF
GOVERNMENT TO CARRY OUT AN ACT.
MARSHALL, A FEDERALIST, WROTE THE MAJORITY OPINION ON THE CASE AND
RULED AGAINST MARBURY FINDING THAT A SECTION OF THE JUDICIARY ACT OF
1789 WAS A VIOLATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATIONS OF
POWERS. ONE BRANCH OF GOVERNMENT CANNOT TELL ANOTHER BRANCH WHAT
TO DO.
Significance of Marbury v. Madison
• THIS DECISION ESTABLISHED THE ROLE OF THE
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SUPREME COURT. MARSHALL PROVIDED THE
FOUNDATION AND REASONING FOR THE MAIN
FUNCTION OF THE SUPREME COURT: The idea that the
Supreme Court would decide what was constitutional or
unconstitutional
THE IDEA OF JUDICIAL REVIEW.
– THE SUPREME COURT ESTABLISHED ITS' ROLE AND EXERTED
ITS' RIGHT T0 LOOK AT LAWS OF CONGRESS AND ACTIONS OF
THE PRESIDENT AND DECIDE IF THOSE EVENTS ARE IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONSTITUTION. IF THE SUPREME
COURT RULES LAWS OR ACTIONS UNCONSTITUTIONAL, THEN
THE ONLY APPEAL WOULD BE AN AMENDMENT TO THE
CONSTITUTION.
• The Supreme Court would take its’ place as an equal
partner with the Congress and the President
Jefferson, the French and Louisiana
• IN EUROPE, NAPOLEON, HAD DEVELOPED A "GRAND PLAN",
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TO RULE THE WORLD--EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. AS A
RESULT OF FRANCE HELPING DEFEAT BRITAIN DURING THE
AMERICAN REVOLUTION, FRANCE HAD REGAINED CONTROL
OF THE TERRITORY WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER.
USING HAITI AS A BASE TO CONQUER THE WESTERN
HEMISPHERE, NAPOLEON HOPED TO TAKE ALL LAND IN
NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA. IN 1801, THE HAITIANS
ROSE IN REBELLION AND DEFEATED THE FRENCH IN THEIR
OWN REVOLUTION. WITHOUT HAITI, NAPOLEON WOULD BE
UNABLE TO CONQUER NORTH AMERICA.
IN EUROPE, NAPOLEON WAS HAVING A DIFFICULT TIME IN
HIS QUEST TO CONQUER EUROPE. HE NEEDED MONEY.
Louisiana Purchase
• JEFFERSON WAS AFRAID THAT THE FRENCH MIGHT ACT TO EXPAND
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POWER IN NORTH AMERICA AND FORCE THE AMERICAN ECONOMY
TO SUFFER, ESPECIALLY WESTERN FARMERS. THESE FARMERS
DEPENDED UPON SHIPPING THEIR PRODUCTS DOWN THE
MISSISSIPPI, THROUGH NEW ORLEANS, THE GULF OF MEXICO AND
EVENTUALLY TO MARKETS ON THE EAST COAST OR IN EUROPE. IF
FRANCE DECIDED TO WITHDRAW THE AMERICAN "RIGHT OF
DEPOSIT" IN NEW ORLEANS BY CLOSING THE PORT OF NEW
ORLEANS, THEN THE AMERICAN FARMERS WOULD HAVE NO WAY
TO GET THEIR PRODUCTS TO MARKET.
JEFFERSON SENT ROBERT LIVINGSTON AND JAMES MONROE TO
FRANCE TO TRY TO CONVINCE NAPOLEON TO SELL A SMALL PART
OF LOUISIANA, INCLUDING THE CITY OF NEW ORLEANS FOR NO
MORE THAN $5 MILLION.
NAPOLEON, IN NEED OF MONEY AND NO LONGER FORESEEING AN
EMPIRE IN NORTH AMERICA, OFFERS MONROE THE ENTIRE
LOUISIANA TERRITORY FOR $15 MILLION.
MONROE, WHO COULD NOT COMMUNICATE WITH JEFFERSON, FELT
THAT HE COULD NOT TURN DOWN THIS DEAL AND SIGNS THE
TREATY.
Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson, Expressed Powers and
Louisiana Purchase
• PROBLEM FOR JEFFERSON--HIS VIEW ON THE
CONSTITUTION AND HIS INTERPRETATION OF THE
POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT
– IF THE CONSTITUTION DOES NOT GIVE THE PRESIDENT THE
POWER TO BUY LAND, COULD HE BUY THE LAND.
– JEFFERSON DECIDES THAT THE CONSTITUTION GAVE THE
PRESIDENT THE POWER TO NEGOTIATE TREATIES WITH THE
CONSENT OF THE SENATE.
– HE SENT THE TREATY WHICH WAS RATIFIED VERY QUICKLY.
• SIGNIFICANCE--DOUBLED THE SIZE OF THE UNITED
STATES, ADDING ABOUT 828,000 SQUARE MILES.
– ENDS THE FEAR THAT THE PORT OF NEW ORLEANS WOULD BE
CLOSED TO WESTERN FARMERS.
– ALLOWED SETTLEMENT WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
– PROVIDED THE UNITED STATES WITH HUGE AMOUNTS OF
NATURAL RESOURCES.
Lewis, Clarke and Sacajawea
Clarke
Lewis
Lewis and Clark
• EXPLORE WESTERN LAND, MAP THE TERRITORY AND PERFORM
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SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENT, KEEPING A JOURNAL ABOUT THE PLANT
AND ANIMAL LIFE FOUND IN THE TERRITORY
FIND A WATER ROUTE TO THE PACIFIC
SEEK OUT NATIVE AMERICAN GROUPS TO LEARN ABOUT THEIR
CULTURE
THE JOURNEY ESTABLISHED THE ROUTE TO THE PACIFIC THAT
WOULD BE FOLLOWED BY OTHER EXPLORERS AND SETTLERS
DURING THE NEXT CENTURY.
Assisted by Sacajawea and many Native American tribes along the way
Crossed the Rockies and realized that they had crossed a continental
divide—no direct water route to the Pacific
THE ROUTE: ST. LOUIS FOLLOWING THE MISSOURI RIVER TO ITS'
SOURCE IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, CROSS THE ROCKIES TO THE
CLEARWATER THEN TO THE SNAKE ONTO THE COLUMBIA TO THE
PACIFIC.
Original Map of Lewis & Clarke
JEFFERSON'S POLITICAL
PROBLEMS
• JEFFERSON AND OTHER REPUBLICANS DECIDED THAT BURR WOULD
NOT BE A CANDIDATE FOR THE POSITION OF VICE-PRESIDENT IN
1804.
• BURR, ANGRY ABOUT HIS POSITION, DECIDED TO RUN FOR THE
GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK.
• FEDERALIST IN NEW ENGLAND AND NEW YORK (HAMILTON) SAW
THIS AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO REGAIN SOME POLITICAL POWER AND
START TO TALK ABOUT NEW ENGLAND'S SECESSION FROM THE
UNION. BURR DECIDED TO BACK THE BREAK-UP IF HE BECAME
GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK.
• AFTER BURR WAS DEFEATED, HE ASKED HAMILTON FOR AN
EXPLANATION OF HIS ACTIONS AND WHEN HAMILTION REFUSED TO
PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE EXPLANATION, BURR CHALLENGED
HAMILTON TO A DUEL. ON JULY 11, 1804, HAMILTON AND BURR
EACH FIRED A SHOT AND BURR WAS KILLED.
JEFFERSON'S POLITICAL
PROBLEMS
• BURR'S PLANS FOR SECESSION HAD FAILED, HE TURNED
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TO TRY AN CREATE A "WESTERN EMPIRE" SEPARATE
FROM THE UNITED STATES WITH THE HELP OF THE
BRITISH. BURR MADE A NUMBER OF ATTEMPTS TO
FINANCE A "REVOLT" AND A SEPARATE EMPIRE IN NORTH
AMERICA. HE FAILED AND WAS ARRESTED FOR TREASON.
BURR'S TRIAL ENDS IN ACQUITTAL BUT HIS POLITICAL,
ECONOMIC (HE WAS BANKRUPT) AND SOCIAL LIFE AND
PROMINENCE IN AMERICAN SOCIETY WERE OVER.
WITH THE DEATH OF HAMILITON AND THE DISGRACE OF
THE NEW ENGLAND SECESSIONISTS, THE FEDERALISTS
PARTY WAS ALMOST DEAD.
Jefferson’s Foreign Policy
• FIRST PROBLEM--THE BARBARY PIRATES (War
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w/TRIPOLI) 1801-1805
THE PIRATES HAD DEMANDED PAYMENTS FROM THE
U.S. FOR SAVE PASSAGE THROUGH THE
MEDITERRANEAN SEA. UNTIL 1801, THE U.S. ALONG
WITH OTHER EUROPEAN NATIONS, PAID THE TRIBUTE.
IN 1801, THE PIRATES INCREASED THE AMOUNT OF
THE TRIBUTE.
U.S. FLEET WAS SENT TO NORTH AFRICA TO STOP THE
PIRATES FROM ATTACKING AMERICAN SHIPS AND
DEFEATED THE PIRATES IN 1805.
U.S. VICTORY OVER THE PIRATES ALLOWED FREEDOM OF
THE SEA BUT ATTACKS WOULD CONTINUE UNTIL 1816.
War in Europe=Problems for U.S.
• U.S. HAD ECONOMIC PROSPERITY DUE TO TRADE WITH
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EUROPE AND WANTED TO CONTINUE TO TRADE WITH
ALL NATIONS IN ERUOPE.
BOTH BRITAIN AND FRANCE WERE NOT HAPPY WITH
THE AMERICAN TRADE WITH THEIR ENEMY.
IN AN EFFORT TO KEEP OUT FOOD, ARMS AND
MATERIALS AWAY FROM EACH OTHER, BOTH FRANCE
AND BRITAIN BLOCKADED EACH OTHER -- BRITAIN TOOK
OVER 500 AMERICAN SHIPS WHILE FRANCE TOOK
ABOUT 200 SHIPS.
BRITAIN ALSO STARTS A POLICY OF IMPRESSMENT OF
AMERICAN SAILORS AND BY 1811, OVER 100,000
SAILORS HAD BEEN FORCED INTO SERVICE IN THE
ENGLISH NAVY.
Jefferson Tried to Avoid War
• CONGRESS PASSED THE NON-IMPORTATION ACT OF 1806 WHICH
WAS AIMED AT BRITAIN DESIGNED TO STOP ANY BRITISH GOODS
FROM BEING IMPORTED INTO THE U.S. NOT VERY EFFECTIVE.
• JUNE 22, 1807, BRITISH SHIPS ATTACKED AN AMERICAN SHIP OFF
THE ATLANTIC COAST--MANY ANGRY AMERICANS START TO
DEMAND WAR WITH BRITAIN.
• JEFFERSON REALIZED THAT THE U.S. WAS IN NO POSITION TO
FIGHT A WAR WITH A EUROPEAN POWER. TRIED TO AVOID ANY
OTHER CONFRONTATIONS BY GETTING CONGRESS TO PASS THE
EMBARGO ACT OF 1807.
• THE EMBARGO ACT- ALL AMERICAN SHIPS WERE RESTRICTED TO
PORT. ALL TRADE CREASED. IN ALL MAJOR U.S. CITIES SAW A
MAJOR DECREASE IN ALL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ... ALL EMPLOYMENT
CEASED. THERE WAS A MAJOR DEPRESSION THAT EFFECTED THE
ENTIRE NATION. THE ACT WAS REPEALED IN 1809.
Madison as President
• With little real opposition, Madison was elected in 1808
• MOST DIFFICULT SITUTATION--PROBLEMS WITH BRITAIN REMAIN - THE BRITISH NEVER FULLY ACCEPTED THE AMERICAN VICTORY
DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. THE BRITISH NAVY
CONTINUED THEIR IMPRESSMENT OF AMERICAN SHIPS AND
SAILORS.
• TWO PEACEFUL ATTEMPTS AT RESOLUTION:
– NON-INTERCOURSE ACT OF 1809-- TRADE WITH ANYONE EXCEPT
BRITAIN AND FRANCE UNTIL THE BLOCKADE WAS LIFTED.
– MACON ACT OF 1810 -- WOULD START TO TRADE WITH FRANCE OR
BRITAIN WHOEVER LIFTED THE BLOCKADE FIRST. FIRST TO LIFTTHE
BLOCKADE WOULD GET THE BENEFIT OF AMERICAN TRADE AND THE
U.S. WOULD PLEDGE NOT TO TRADE WITH THE NATION THAT
CONTINUED TO BLOCKADE.
• BRITAIN CONTINUED BLOCKADE AND THE WAR HAWKS WANTED
WAR
– TO STOP THE ATTACKS ON AMERICAN SHIPS
– TO CONQUER CANADA AND FLORIDA
– TO STOP NATIVE AMERICAN ATTACKS ON THE FRONTIER
THE WAR HAWKS
• Led by Henry Clay
• Native Americans armed by the British angry
– Treaty of Greenville-forced the sale of land to whites
– Gov. William H. Harrison of the Indiana territory
tricked native groups into selling 3 million acres of
land for less than 3 cents per area
• Tecumseh and the Prophet rally Native
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Americans against settlers and “white” ways
Battle of Tippecanoe ends major native threat
but led directly to the War of 1812
War of 1812 or the Second War of
Independence
• BRITISH TRAP MOST AMERICAN SHIPS IN PORT
• AMERICAN WON SEVERAL MAJOR SEA BATTLES BUT WERE BADLY
OUTNUMBERED, Major battle involving the USS Constitution and HMS
the Guerriere-many of the cannon shots bounce of the Constitution
resulting in the nick name “Old Ironsides” & the Guerriere surrendered
• AMERICAN GOAL TO CAPTURE CANADA AND ADD THAT TERRITORY AS
ANOTHER STATE. But an invasion was stopped by Gen. Brock who
tricked the Americans and with the help of Tecumseh pushed back and
took Detroit.
• AN AMERICAN FLEET UNDER ADMIRAL OLIVER HAZZARD PERRY (A
Rhode Islander) BUILT A FLEET ON THE GREAT LAKES AND DEFEATED
THE BRITISH FLEET AT PUT IN BAY ON LAKE ERIE.
• ANOTHER AMERICAN VICTORY IN THE NORTHWEST AT THE BATTLE
OF THE THAMES (Tecumseh killed) GAVE AMERICANS HOPE THAT THEY
COULD WIN THE WAR.
Major Battles: USS Constitution
Perry at Put in Bay
(Battle of Lake Erie)
War of 1812
• BY 1814, THE BRITISH HAD THE UPPER HAND IN MOST AREAS,
ESPECIALLY ALONG THE EAST COAST. THE BRITISH ATTACKED
AND CAPTURED WASHINGTON AND EVEN BURNT MUCH OF THE
CITY TO THE GROUND, INCLUDING THE WHITE HOUSE.
• Dolly Madison was a hero by gathering important paper and a
portrait of Washington and leaving just ahead of the British army
• THE BRITISH THEN ATTACKED BALTIMORE BUT THE AMERICANS
AT FORT MCKINLEY FOUGHT THROUGHOUT THE NIGHT.
• ON BOARD A BRITISH PRISON SHIP IN THE HARBOR AN
AMERICAN, FRANCIS SCOTT KEYS, WATCHED THE BATTLE AND
WAS SO IMPRESSED THAT THE AMERICANS HELD THE FORT AND
THE CITY AND WROTE THE POEM, THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER.
Map of Major Battles of War of
1812
British Army burns Washington
Our Flag Was Still There-Battle of
Fort McHenry
The War Ends 1814
• CALLS FROM SOME FEDERALISTS FOR SECESSION WHICH LED TO
THE HARTFORD CONVENTION IN 1814 WHERE NEW ENGLANDERS
TRY TO FORM THEIR OWN NATION.
• TREATY OF GHENT -- BRITAIN TIRED OF WAR AND THE AMERICANS
COME TO AN AGREEMENT TO END THE FIGHTING. TREATY SIGNED
12/24/1814. ALL TERRITORY REMAINED AS BEFORE AND AGREED
TO NEGOTIATE ANY FUTURE DIFFERENCES.
• IRONY--THE LARGEST BATTLE IN THIS WAR WAS ACTUALLY
FOUGHT AFTER THE WAR WAS OVER. THE BATTLE OF NEW
ORLEANS, JANUARY 8, 1815. ANDREW JACKSON, "OLD HICKORY"
DEFEATED THE BRITISH ARMY AT NEW ORLEANS. BRITAIN LOST
ABOUT 2,000 MEN WHILE THE AMERICANS LOST ONLY 72.
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WAR -- AMERICA PROVED ONCE AND FOR
ALL THAT THE UNITED STATES WOULD REMAIN AN INDEPENDENT
NATION FREE FROM EUROPEAN INTERFERENCE.
Battle of New Orleans-1815