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1.) Parliament in England was destroyed after the Glorious Revolution.
True/False
2.) Which great Enlightenment scientist discovered the Law of Gravity?
3.) List two of the great Enlightenment philosophers who applied scientific reasoning to
forming governments.
4.)The French Indian war is important to the American Revolution because:
a. It gave the colonist access to the west coast.
b. It created the Bill of Rights and made all colonist equal.
c. It got rid of the Native Americans as a treat to the colonist.
d. It put Britain in large amounts of debt it wanted the colonist to pay back.
5.) List at least two of the intolerances or crimes that caused the American colonist to
want to revolt against the British.
6.) Which of the following is not a reason why the Colonist were able to win the war.
a. They knew the terrain better than the British.
b. They had new rifle technology that allowed them to be more accurate.
c. They used Gorilla tactics.
d. They were better trained and better equipped.
7.) People who wanted to go to war against Britain were called_____ and those who
sided with the king were called __________.
8.) What had to be attached to the constitution in order for the Anti-Federalist to ratify it?
9.) Which of the following was not an ideal of the constitution?
a. A three branch system with checks and balances.
b. A direct democracy where all people vote on all issues.
c. The separation of Church and State.
d. The protection of individual liberties, All Men Created Equal.
10.) Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
The French Revolution and Napoleon
Review: What is a Revolution?
• Sudden, radical, complete change
• Activity or movement designed to effect
deep change in the socioeconomic or
political system.
Our story begins in France in the 1600’s
• Louis XIV (14th) “Sun
King” rules as King of
France 1638–1715
• He is an absolute ruler,
ruling by “divine
right.”
• Louis said:
I am the State
Louis 14th built himself a palace at
Versailles, 21 miles from Paris
Louis 14th Crib
Versailles Theatre
• Own personal Theatre. The best shows
and plays came to the royal family.
Hall of Mirrors
• The Problem with
the palace: As
Louis lives
extravagantly the
average French
person is
starving, working
for slave wages
and paying high
taxes!
•
Louis
th
16
(1774-93)
• Well intentioned but lacked the
intelligence and respect
amongst nobility to adequately
run the empire.
• He was very indecisive and
was incapable of compromise.
• Was completely unaware of
the new ideas that were
sweeping across the country
and oblivious to the fears and
needs of his subjects.
The Royal Family at Versailles
• Louis 16th and Queen
Marie Antoinette lived in
splendor while the
peasants were hungry
and illiterate
• Devoted Family man
• Overrun by wife who
ruled in a way that was
best for her not France.
Marie Antoinette
• Austrian princess.
• Married Louis at 12.
Le Hameau (The Hamlet)
• Playing peasant
was a fun pasttime for the upper
class.
• Pretended to be
middle class as a
game.
• Shows how out of
touch they are
with reality.
France is in Trouble when Louis 16th comes to power
– France was debt-ridden:
broke
– Bad harvests:
people hungry
– Upper class refused to
pay taxes
– Enlightenment ideas of
the philosophes spread
democratic ideals
• What are these ideals???
French Revolution Contributing Factors
• Failed economic polices
• Hesitation to tax the rich
• Massive debt
• French financial support of
the American Revolution
• Ineffective leadership
• Inability of royal government
to tap wealth of France
France broken into The Three
Estates
First Estate
•
•
•
•
•
The Catholic Church in France
About 100,000
Owned about 10% of the land
Not taxed
Held government and military positions.
Second Estate
(upper class)
• Approx: 400,000
• Taxed lightly, if at
all
• Allowed to tax the
peasants.
• Run military
Third Estate
–
• All who were not clergy or
nobility.
• Urban artisans, lawyers,
government officials,
businessmen, professionals,
unskilled day laborers,
peasants
• Peasants: 90% of the
population; paid most of the
taxes.
Louis 16th called the estates general to
raise money.
• Meet for the first time in 70 years to
discuss the condition of the country.
Day One:
First and Second Estate decided that each
estate would get one vote on all issues.
Third estate is really, really mad at this!!
Why?
Day 2: Tennis Court Oath (June 12, 1789)
Third Estate was locked
out of the Estates
General by the First and
Second Estate and the
King.
• Third Estate went to
Louis’ indoor tennis court
and wrote the Tennis
Court Oath, a
document declaring the
Third Estate the
National Assembly, or
governing body of
France
• Louis sided with the nobility.
• Undermined the new national assembly.
The Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)
(“Bass-tee”)
• Large ammunition storage
place for the king.
• The Bastille was an ancient
prison and symbol of the
tyranny of French kings
• Was taken down stone by
stone after its capture by the
street people of Paris
• Bastille Day, July 14th is
celebrated in France annually
as their independence day.
Next came The Declaration of Rights of Man and
Citizen
“Men are born and remain
free and equal in rights.”
Natural Rights- “Liberty,
property, security, and
resistance to oppression
• Every man innocent until
proven guilty.”
“Every citizen may speak,
write, and publish freely.”
“Reducing the Clergy”
Another turning point in the French Revolution was the Women’s
Bread March on Versailles
October 5th, 1789
The women believed the
King was hording all the
grain.
• Marching twenty-miles
in the rain, the women
sang the entire way
• Demanded bread for
families.
• Louis gave into their
demands.
• Had little choice but to
return to Paris with the
mob.
The Significance of the Bread • Louis and his family
March
were brought back to
Paris, and put under
house arrest
• It was a power shift from
royalty to the street
people of Paris
A Vindication of the Rights of Women
• Written by Mary
Wollstonecraft.
• Advocated for
gender equality
in all areas of
society, but
particularly
education.
• The Great Fear: Peasants used terror to scare the
nobility into agreeing with the revolution. If they
didn’t they would violently revolt against them.
“power in Numbers”
Louis and Family tried to escape
Two days later Louis was recognized in his foolish
disguise by a postman
• Arrested and returned to Paris
The Captured King and Queen Returning
From Varennes
The Caged King
The Trial of Louis XVI
The problem of the Revolution
• Although they had captured the King and
removed the old system of government
there was no outline for what to replace it
with.
• 1792 new election of National Convention
to draw up new Constitution and decide
what to do with the King.
• The monarchies of Europe turned against
France and promised to invade. Didn’t
want revolution spreading.
• The National Assembly
disbands and is replaced
by the tyrant Robespierre
and the Committee of
Public Safety designed to
protect France from
external and internal
threats.
Robespierre ordered the
executions of the so-called
“traitors,” or all enemies
of the Revolution.
Citizens views as threats to
the revolution were
executed.
Off With Their Heads!
• The weapon of
capital
punishment
during the Reign
of Terror was the
guillotine
• Killed over
16,000 people!
The Guillotine
• No head was too
big, or too small
• Done in public to
set an example
and show that
hands of power
had changed.
• Also to prevent
Monarchy from
coming back.
Louis’ Head Shown To the Mob in Paris
Marie Led Away After Her Trial
Marie Carted to the Guillotine
Marie Antoinette’s Head Shown To the Mob
Robespierre efforts…
• Methods were very harsh.
• Called for de-Christianization of France.
Believed church encouraged superstition
rather than reason.
• Caused many French to turn against him.
• By 1794 Frances growing army had
defeated most its enemies and no longer
needed the “Reign Of Terror”
• Robes wouldn’t stop however and the
convention turned against him.
The Guillotining of Robespierre Ended the Terror
After the death of Robespierre came two
succeeding governments headed by the
National Convention and then The
Directory which was universally disliked.
Napolian Bonaparte overthrew the
directory in 1799.
• Napoleon
Bonaparte
was the
unifying and
couragous
leader France
was waiting
for and the
great French
Empire was
born.
Political Cartoon Assignment
• Create a political cartoon on one aspect of
the French Revolution or on the
Revolution as a whole. (Include dialogue
boxes)
• You can work in partners but no more than
two people!!
• Explain your cartoon on the back.
The Napoleonic Empire
“Code Napoleon” Was Applied • Known as the Civil
Code, it gave
in the Grand Empire
women secondary
status,
• Women could not
vote
• A wife owed
obedience to her
husband, who had
total control over
their property
• Improved educational system
• Granted freedom of worship
• Encouraged industrialization
• Encouraged and sponsored the sciences
and arts
• Serfdom was abolished.
• Opened careers to talented people, not
caring if they were peasant or noble.
• Napoleon was a brilliant
military strategist
• His Grand Armee was
the largest in Europe
• They travelled light and
fast
• Depended on food and
shelter from conquered
territories
• Use of light artillery
“I closed the gulf of anarchy and
brought order out of chaos.
I rewarded merit regardless of
birth or wealth, wherever I found
it.
I abolished feudalism
and restored equality to all
regardless of religion and before
the law.
I fought the decrepit
monarchies of the Old Regime
because the alternative
was the destruction of all this.
I purified the Revolution."
…Napoleon
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Napoleon’s Thoughts on War
.”The secret of war lies in the communications"
"A soldier will fight long and hard for a bit of
colored ribbon"
Never interrupt your enemy when he is making
a mistake."
"It is better to have a known enemy than a
forced ally“
To have good soldiers, a nation must always
be at war."
"Death is nothing, but to live defeated and
inglorious is to die daily.”-
Two foes to Napoleon’s Grand Plan
• British:
– Couldn’t compete with Britain’s naval power.
– Tried to cut of trade, but allies didn’t agree.
• Nationalism:
– Conquered peoples were already forming their
own ethnicities with similar language and
culture.
– Had more connection to each other than the
French.
– Rev ideas made them question why they
should give in to being conquered.
His move to Russia will be his worst.
Tsar Alexander I
• Alexander had his Russian
army retreat deeper east
into Russia to draw
Napoleon in.
As the Napoleon’s army
pursued, the Russians
burned crops, farms, barns,
and killed farm animals to
deprive Napoleon of
resources to survive.
The Russians retreated to the East, drawing
Napoleon’s army in. Then the Russians burned
Moscow
French Retreat From Russia
Appalling cold, lack of supplies and constant attacks by
Russian forces whittled away the once-magnificent army so
that when it finally stumbled out of Russia its survivors
numbered fewer than 20,000.
Russian troops on horseback attacked the
French as they retreated
• After the retreat
from Russia.
• Napoleon was sent
to the remote island
of Elba.
• And Louis 18th
resumed the
monarchy.
Escape from Elba
• Napoleon returns
to France and the
French soldiers
take his side and
rebound to take on
the British and
Prussian forces at
Waterloo.
• A bloody defeat
and his is forced
into exile by the
victorious allies.
Napoleon Died on the Island
• What other great leaders/civilizations
made the same mistake that Napoleon
did?