Download Unit 1: Chapters 1 and 2 European Expansion

Unit 1: Chapters 1 and 2
European Expansion
1. What caused Europeans to start to expand
and why did they choose the Americans to
expand to?
2. What were the general trends of
colonization by the Spanish, the French, the
Dutch, and the English in the fifteenth
century?
Section 1
THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE
European
Communities
•Agricultural society with
many new advances in
farming technology
•Feudal system divided
land into small areas
owned by landlords.
•Peasants paid tribute
and performed labor
European Communities
• Majority of population Christian; small Jewish
minority persecuted
• Harsh living conditions
– famine prevalent
–
wiped out one-third of Europe's
population, 1347–1353.
The Merchant Class and the New
Monarchies
• European expansion fueled by
and
.
• Western European states emerged with monarchs as
centers of power
• Alliance between monarchies and merchants paved
way for European expansion
The Renaissance
• Intellectual and artistic
flowering in Europe from
the fourteenth to the
sixteenth century
– The
stimulated
Italian trade with Asia.
– Compass, gunpowder,
movable type were
introduced to Europe.
• Inquisitive and acquisitive
spirit of Renaissance
helped motivate
exploration
Portuguese Explorations
•
established academy to train
seafarers.
– By the mid-fifteenth century most Europeans knew that
the Earth was a spherical globe.
• Portuguese trading voyages tried to reach Indies by
sailing around Africa.
• 1488: established several colonies and reached
southern tip of Africa.
• Established Atlantic slave trade
• 1498: Vasco Da Gama sails around Africa to Indies.
Sugar and Slavery
• Europeans were concerned with the moral implications
of enslaving Christians.
– Muslims and Africans could be used as slaves because they
were not Christians.
• In 1441, the Portuguese opened the trade by bringing
slaves to the sugar plantations on the island of
Madeira.
• The expansion of sugar production in the Caribbean
increased the demand for slaves.
• Caribbean sugar and slaves were the core of the
European colonial system.
West Africans
• Slaves came from well-established societies and local
communities of
.
– More than 100 peoples lived along the West African coast.
– Most important institution was the local community organized by
kinship.
• Most West African societies were polygamous and based
on sophisticated systems of farming and metalworking.
• Extensive trade networks existed.
• Household slavery was an established institution.
– Slaves were treated more as family than as possessions.
– Children were born free.
Columbus Reaches the Americas
• In 1492, Spain agreed to
finance Columbus
• They were in need of
new lands to
conquer and plunder
• In
,
Columbus Landed at San
Salvador (Blessed
Savior)
• Searched through the
Bahamas down to Cuba
(Named for the Spanish
word for Japan) for
.
Columbus Reaches the Americas
• Sailed again to the
NW in 1493 with
livestock and over
1000 men
• Discovered clockwise
circulation of Atlantic
winds and currents.
The New World
• Later Columbus voyages marked by violent slave
raiding and obsession with
.
• Native populations were decimated and virtually
eliminated by the 1520s.
– Without slave population, colonies entered depression
– Spanish were dissatisfied and ordered arrest of Columbus
• Columbus died in 1506 still thinking that he had
opened the new way to the Indies.
• After sailing to the Caribbean in 1499,
described lands as a New World.
.
The Dynamics of European Expansion
Push
Pull
• Break
on
Trade
•
Mindset
• Improved
• Fall of Constantinople
• “
”
• ________, ____________,
and ______________
• Spread of
.
•
.
• Mercantilism
Section 2
THE SPANISH IN THE AMERICAS
Spain: Patterns of Settlement
• Initial Success is based on wealth from Gold
• Mainly
and Priests (
mainly and some Franciscans)
• Spanish-born Governors
• Creole
• Indian Slaves
The Invasion of America
• Spanish armies marched across Caribbean islands,
slaughtering inhabitants.
–
system established
• Indians labor and Spanish lords protect Indians
• Turned into slave system
• In 1517, Spanish under
Mexico, home of Aztec empire.
reached
– Aztecs dominated Central Mexico, extracting tribute and
sacrificing human captives.
– Cortes allied with subject peoples and conquered Aztec
empire, aided by disease.
• Wealth was the driving force behind conquest
The Destruction of the Indies
• Spanish horses, guns, and steel overcame Indian
resistance.
• Las Casas blamed Spanish for cruelty and deaths of
millions of Indians.
– The “Black Legend”
• Only a small portion of the deaths can be attributed
to warfare.
• Famine, lower birth rates, and epidemic diseases
were largely responsible for the radical reduction in
native populations.
The Destruction of the Indies by
Bartolomé de las Casas
Columbian Exchange
• Exchanges between Old and New Worlds occurred
– European diseases decimated Indian populations.
– American precious metals
• Runaway inflation
• Stimulated commerce
• Lowered standard of living for most Europeans
– American crops to Europe_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
– European crops to America_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
The Decline of the Indian Population
• The population of Mexico fell from 25 million in 1519
to one million a century later.
• By the twentieth century, native population had
fallen by 90 percent.
• “Virgin Soil Epidemics”
– Diseases were the greatest killer of Indians
Destruction of Smallpox
FIGURE 2.1 North America’s Indian and Colonial Populations in the Seventeenth and
Eighteenth Centuries The primary factor in the decimation of native peoples was epidemic
disease, brought to the New World from the Old. In the eighteenth century, the colonial
population overtook North America’s Indian populations.
SOURCE:Historical Statistics of the United States (Washington,DC: Government Printing Office,1976),8,1168;Russell Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival (Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1987),32.
The First Europeans in North America
• In 1519, first of several unsuccessful colonization
attempts failed in Florida.
• Europeans were searching for slaves and the rumored
cities of wealth.
• In 1539,
traveled throughout South,
spreading disease that depopulated and weakened
Indian societies.
• In 1539,
searched for lost cities of
gold in Southwest.
• Explorers failed to find great cities and turned back.
The Spanish New World Empire
• By late sixteenth century, the Spanish had a
powerful American empire.
• 200,000 Europeans and 125,000 Africans lived
in Spanish colonies.
• Population was racially mixed.
• Council of the Indies governed empire but
local autonomy prevailed.
Spanish South West
• Encomienda - System by which favored officers
became privileged landowners
• Lasts more than three centuries (much longer
than England’s or France’s)
• In 1598 Juan de Onate received a patent for the
territory north of Mexico
– Promised the Pueblos the Spanish would bring them
peace, justice, and prosperity
– Pueblo Revlts: One year later the Indians revolted,
800 killed and the rest enslaved
Section 3
NORTHERN EXPLORATIONS AND
ENCOUNTERS
France: Traders, Trappers, and Priests
•Abundant fish in Grand
Banks of North Atlantic led
Europeans to explore
North American coastal
waters.
•French were first to
explore eastern North
American and established
claims to lands of Canada
•1524 – Verrazano sails to
Cape Fear and up the
coast, through the
Verrazano Narrows, to
Narragansett Bay
France: Traders, Trappers, and Priests
•French populate areas
with traders, trappers and
Jesuit priests
•Establish a frontier of
inclusion
•European-Indian
relations based on
trade, especially furs
•Disease and wars over
hunting grounds reduced
Indian populations
•Indians became
dependent on European
manufactured goods.
•1541 – Cartier finds the
St. Lawrence and travels
to modern-day Montreal
Calvinism
• Zwingli and _________ were Swiss
theologians after the Reformation
• Calvin believed that God was so omniscient
and omnipotent that he knew if a person was
damned or saved before they were even born
• Unfortunately for most humans, most were
damned and only a few were saved
Christianity
Catholics
• All follow Pope in Rome
• __________, Dominicans,
Franciscans, etc.
• Different sects are all
related under Catholic
umbrella
Protestants
 All Split from the Catholic
church after 1517 when
Luther nailed his 95 theses
to Wittenberg’s castle door
 Includes _________,
Lutherans, ________,
__________, _________,
etc.
 Different groups are NOT
related, each is VERY
different
Pilgrims and Puritans
Christians
Protestants
Catholics
Italians,
French,
Spanish
Religious
Orders of
Franciscans,
Dominicans,
Jesuits, etc.
Church of
England
Lutherans
(Germany)
Calvinists
(Swiss and Dutch)
Anglicans
Puritans
Pilgrims,
aka
Separatists
The Protestant Reformation and the First
French Colonies
• Protestant John Calvin followers in France were called
____________.
– ____________were largely merchants and members of the
middle class.
– Huguenots planted first French colonies in South Carolina
and Florida in an effort to find religious refuge.
• French enjoyed good relations with Indians.
• Spanish destroyed French colony in Florida.
The French, under the command of Jean Ribault, land at the mouth of the St. Johns River in
Florida. The image shows the local Timucua people welcoming the French, It is likely that the
Timucuas viewed the French as potential allies against the Spanish, who had plundered the
coast many times in pursuit of slaves.
SOURCE:Colored engraving,1591,by Theodor de Bry after a now lost drawing by Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues;The Granger Collection.
France in the 15th Century
• Religious Wars in France prevents further
exploration
– France bars immigration to New World for French
Protestants (Huguenots)
• Territorial claims overlap with England and
Spain
• ______________, _____________and Priest
(Jesuits, Franciscan)
• Won’t start to create a real empire until 17c
Sixteenth-Century England
• Enclosure movement stimulated English colonization.
– Expanded woolen trade and cost growing number of
farmers their land, creating large unemployed population.
• King Henry VIII established the Protestant Church of England.
• “Bloody Mary” murdered hundreds of Protestants.
• ________________encouraged supporters to subdue Irish
Catholics to prevent any invasion efforts by Spain.
– Brutal, vicious invasion led to conquest of Ireland, setting
English pattern of colonization.
Early English Efforts in the Americas
• English “___________” raided Spanish New World fleets.
• Rivalry with Spain led Queen Elizabeth I to found colonies.
– Colonies could provide bases to raid the Spanish, free England from
reliance on trade with Asia, and provide a home for the homeless.
• Spain became angry that the English were taking territory that
had been set aside by the pope for Catholics.
– Spanish Armada defeated by English fleet in 1588, halting Spanish
monopoly on Americas.
The First Colony of _______, 1585
• Colony off the North Carolina coast founded
by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585
• Goal was to find ___________: furs, gold or
silver, and plantation agriculture
• Indians seen as laborers (Spanish model)
• Conflict with Algonquians led to abandonment
of colony by English
The Lost Colony at Roanoke, 1588
• New colony set up in 1585 aiming for better relations
with Algonquians.
• Conflicts occurred, leading to John White's return to
England for support.
• Three years later, White returned to Roanoke.
• Found colony destroyed and no trace of colonists
– ______________carved into tree
• Colonists may have created the first mixed
community of English and Indians in North America.
European Exploration of the Americas
• In the century after Columbus came to the Americas,
Europeans had explored:
– most of the Atlantic coast of North America;
– much of the Pacific coast of North America; and
– the interior of southeastern and southwestern North
America.
• Spain had free reign southwest and mesoamerica
• Portugal had control of Brazil
• France had small trapper and trader settlements with Jesuit
priests
• England: John Cabot had explored the northern coast and the
failed colon at Roanoke
Unit 1: Chapter 3
Section 1
Spain and Its Competitors in North
America
New Mexico
• Spanish came to Rio Grande valley in 1598 on a quest to
find gold and save souls.
– Brutally put down Indian resistance
• Colony of New Mexico centered around Santa Fe.
• Pueblos, Acomas, Zunis, and Hopis resisted Christianity.
• The Spanish depended on forced Indian labor for modest
farming and sheep raising.
The Pueblo Indians and the Spanish
• In Santa Fe, the ___________clashed with Spanish
authorities over religious practices.
• In 1680, __________, a Pueblo priest, led a successful
revolt that temporarily ended Spanish rule.
• In 1692, Spanish regained control, loosening religious
restrictions.
• Pueblos observed Catholicism in churches and
missionaries tolerated traditional practices away from
the mission
New France
• In 1605, French set up an outpost on the Bay of Fundy to
monopolize fur trade.
• Samuel de _____________ was leader and allied with Hurons
against Iroquois.
• To exploit fur trade, French lived throughout region.
– Only French Catholics were permitted
• Quebec City was administrative center of vast French colonial
empire.
• French had society of inclusion, intermarried with Indians.
– Formed alliances with Indians rather than conquering
– Missionaries attempted to learn more about Indian customs
New Netherland
• Upon achieving independence, the United Provinces
of the Netherlands developed a global commercial
empire.
– Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India
Company
• Henry Hudson
– Englishman for hire
– Looking for the Northwest Passage
– (Crew Mutinied and threw him over board – and that was
the last anyone heard from Henry Hudson)
New Netherlands
• Dutch New York est. 1614
• In present-day New York, the Dutch
established settlements, Dutch opened trade
with the Iroquois.
• Iroquois, through warfare, became the
important middlemen of the fur trade with
the Dutch.
• Lost to English in 1664 (but retained Dutch
character)