Download Chapter 18 The French Revolution & Napoleon 1789

Chapter 18
The French Revolution &
Napoleon 1789 - 1815
Daily Objectives
• 1. Specify why social inequality
& economic problems
contributed to the French
Revolution.
• 2. Explain why radicals,
Catholics priests, nobles & the
lower classes opposed the new
order.
Section 1:
The French Revolution Begins
I. Background to the Revolution
• More violent & radical than the
American Revolution
• Causes: conditions of French
society, which was based on
inequality
• Population divided by Estates,
orders of society
Estates
First Estate
Second Estate
Third Estate
A. The Three Estates
• First estate Clergy
• 130,000 people, owned 10% of the
land, exempt from taxes
• Taille (TAH yuh) or tax
• Second estate Nobility
• 350,000 people, owned 25 to 30%
of the land
A. The Three Estates
• Second estate Nobility
• Held positions in gov’t, military, law
courts & church offices
• Like the clergy, they were exempt
from paying taille or taxes
• Sought to keep their control over
positions
A. The Three Estates
• Third estate commoners
• 75 to 80% of the population, owned
35 to 40% of the land
• ½ had little or no land on which to
survive
• Divided by vast differences in
occupation, level of education &
wealth
Clergy: bishops,
abbots, and parish
priests are at the top
of the social
pyramid.
This group represented
.5% of the total
population.
Doctors, lawyers,
merchants, and
business managers
made up the
middle class.
A. The Three Estates
• Relics of feudalism, or aristocratic
privileges
• Ex. Payment of fees for use of
village facilities
• Skilled craftspeople, shopkeepers
• Bourgeoisie, or middle class
• 8% of population, owned 20 to 25 of
the land
A. The Three Estates
• Bourgeoisie included merchants,
bankers, industrialists, professional
people, lawyers, holders of public
offices, doctors and writers
B. Financial Crisis
• Social conditions
• Near collapse of gov’t finances
• Bad harvests, slowdown in
manufacturing, food shortages,
rising prices of food and
unemployment
• Costly wars & court luxuries
http://www.louis-xvii.com/marian3.jpg
B. Financial Crisis
• The gov’t had spent large amounts
to help the American colonists
against Britain
• Louis XVI was forced to call a
meeting of the Estates-General (the
French Parliament) to raise new
taxes
http://www.louis-xvii.com/louis161.jpg
II. From Estates-General to
National Assembly
• Representatives from the 3 estates
• 3rd Estate wanted to abolish the tax
exemptions of the clergy & nobility
• Meet at Versailles on May 5, 1789
• One vote per estate, which meant
the 3rd estate could always be out
voted 2 to 1
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II. From Estates-General to
National Assembly
• 3rd estate demanded that each
deputy have one vote
• Louis was in favor of the current
system
• Third Estate called itself a National
Assembly and decided to draft a
constitution
II. From Estates-General to
National Assembly
• When the deputies arrived at
Versailles they found themselves
locked out
• They moved to a nearby indoor
tennis court and swore to produce a
French constitution, which came to
be called the Tennis Court Oath
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II. From Estates-General to
National Assembly
• On July 14, 1789 a mob of Parisians
stormed the Bastille, an armory and
prison in Paris and dismantled it
brick by brick
• The fall of the Bastille had saved
the National Assembly
The storming of the Bastille
II. From Estates-General to
National Assembly
• A popular revolution broke out
throughout France
• Peasant rebellions became part of
the Great Fear, a vast panic the
spread throughout France
III. The Destruction of the Old
Regime
• The National Assembly destroyed
the relics of feudalism, voted to
abolish the rights of the landlords &
financial privileges of the nobles &
clergy
A. Declaration of the Rights of
Man
• Declaration of the Rights of
Man and the Citizen, right to
liberty, property, security &
resistance to oppression
• Reflected Enlightenment thought
• Freedom & equal rights for all men,
an end to exemption from taxation
A. Declaration of the Rights of
Man
• Did these rights include women?
• Olympe de Gouges, who wrote
plays & pamphlets refused to except
the exclusion of women
• She penned the Declaration of the
Rights of Women and the Female
Citizen
B. The King Concedes
• Louis refused to accept the National
Assembly’s decrees
• Thousands of Parisian women
marched to Versailles, they forced
the king to accept the new decrees
• The mob forced Louis and his family
to return to Paris as a show of
support
• Parisian women marched to
Versailles, the mob forced Louis and
his family to return to Paris as a
show of support
C. Church Reforms
• The National Assembly seized and
sold the lands of the Church
• Both priest and bishops were to be
elected by the people and paid by
the state
• Many Catholics became enemies of
the revolution
D. A New Constitution & New
Fears
• The National Assembly completed a
new constitution in 1791, which set
up a limited monarchy & legislative
Assembly which would make the
laws
• Louis XVI made things difficult for
the new gov’t
D. A New Constitution & New
Fears
• Louis XVI attempted to flee France
in June 1791
• He was captured and brought back
to Paris
E. War with Austria
• European leaders began to fear that
revolution would spread to their
countries
• The Legislative Assembly declared
war on Austria & Prussia in the
Spring of 1792
F. Rise of the Paris Commune
• Because of defeats in war &
economic shortages, radicals of the
new Paris Commune organized a
mob on the royal palace and
Legislative Assembly
• They took the king captive & forced
the Assembly to suspend the
monarchy & call a national
convention
F. Rise of the Paris Commune
• Power now passed from
the Legislative Assembly
to the Paris Commune
• Members called
themselves the sansculottes, ordinary
patriots without fine
cloths
Section 2:
Radical Revolution & Reaction
Daily Objectives
• 1. Report how radical
groups, & leaders controlled
the Revolution.
• 2. Discuss why the new
French Republic faced
enemies at home & abroad.
I. The Move to Radicalism
• Georges Danton led the Paris
Commune
• The sans-culottes sought
revenge on those who aided the
king and resisted the popular
will.
Georges
Danton
I. The Move to Radicalism
• Thousands of people were
arrested and massacred.
• A new leader emerged, JeanPaul Marat, who published a
radical journal called Friend of
the People
http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/his/CoreArt/art/resourcesb/dav_marat.jpg
A. The Fate of the King
• 2/3 of the people were under the
age of 45
• Most distrusted the king.
• First step was on September 21
was to abolish the monarchy and
establish a republic. -French
Republic
A. The Fate of the King
• They split into factions (dissenting
groups) over the fate of the king.
• 1. Girondins-wanted to keep king alive
• 2. Mountains-wanted to kill the king
• Both factions were members of the
Jacobin club
• The king was condemned to death-executed
on January 21, 1793- Beheaded with the
Guillotine
B. Crises & Response
• Political and Foreign Crises
• The National Convention gave broad
powers to a special committee of 12
known as the Committee of Public
Safety.
• It was dominated at first by Georges
Danton, then by Maximilien
Robespierre.
Maximilien Robespierre
http://www.unipv.it/webdsps/storiadoc/images/Robespierre%20B.jpg
II. The Reign of Terror
• The Committee of Public Safety acted
to defend France from foreign and
domestic threats.
• The Reign of terror was a revolutionary
court system which prosecuted enemies
of the republic. -40 thousand were
killed
• Marie Antoinette and Olympe de
Gourges, died under the blade of the
guillotine
http://www.metaphor.dk/guillotine/Media/Plast.jpg
A. Crushing Rebellion
• The city of Lyon was made into an
example by killing 1,880 citizens.
• The commander of the
revolutionary army ordered that no
mercy be given.
• Nantes (most notorious act of
violence)- victims were executed by
being sunk in barges in the Loire
river
• People of all classes were killed.
B. The Republic of Virtue
• Was called “democratic republic
composed of good citizens”
• Modeled after the Roman Republic
• Passed laws on primary education
but not very successful
• Slavery abolished
• They established price limits, but
weren’t very effective
B. The Republic of Virtue
• Women remained active in the
revolution
• National Convention pursued a
policy of dechristianization.
• The cathedral of Notre Dame was
designated a “temple of reason”
• They adopted a new calendar
• Dechristianization failed to work
because France was
overwhelmingly Catholic
• The Festival of the Supreme Being
III. A Nation in Arms
• The Committee of Public Safety
mobilized the Nation on August 23,
1793.
• In less than a year the French
revolutionary government had raised a
huge army of over one million.
• Largest ever seen in European history
• The invading forces were pushed back
and France took the Austrian
Netherlands.
III. A Nation in Arms
• The French revolutionary
army was an important step
in the creation of modern
nationalism.
• Wars became the “people’s
war”
A. End of the Terror
• The National Convention who
feared Robespierre decided to
act and had him guillotined.
• After his death more moderate
middle-class leaders took
control
• Reign of Terror came to a halt
"Act of Justice"
Here Robespierre’s death is depicted as divine retribution, as in a classical myth. Numerous heads, presumably of those who had perished at the guillotine, watch
two male figures (bearing a strong resemblance to Hercules, who had been an early symbol of the Revolution) carry the freshly severed heads of Robespierre and
his followers toward the mythological river Styx, guarded by the three–headed dog Cerberus.
IV. The Directory
• The Directory was five
members that acted as an
executive committee
• The Directory together with
the legislative ruled
IV. The Directory
• The Constitution of 1795
established a national
legislative assembly
consisting of two chambers:
a lower house and upper
house
• Members of the two houses
were chosen by Electorsindividuals qualified to vote
in an election
IV. The Directory
• Known as an era of
corruption and graft
IV. The Directory
• In 1799, a Coup d’etat, a sudden
overthrow of the government, led
by the successful and popular
general Napoleon Bonaparte,
toppled the Directory.
• Napoleon seized power
The remaining days
are accounted for by
having a festival at
the end of the year.
September 22
marked the
beginning of the
year.
The third month is
Frimaire, the month It is the hottest
of frost.
period in
France.
Section 3:
The Age of Napoleon
Daily Objectives
• 1. Summarize how Napoleon
built & lost an empire.
• 2. Discuss how nationalism
spread as a result of the French
Revolution.
• 3. Describe how Napoleon was
exiled first to Elba, & then to St.
Helena, where he died.
I. The Rise of Napoleon
• Dominated French & European
history from 1799 to 1815
• Helped bring an end to the
French Revolution
A. Early Life
• Born in 1769 in Corsica, an
island in the Mediterranean Sea
• Educated in French military
schools
• Commissioned as a lieutenant in
the French army in 1785
B. Military Successes
• At 24 he became brigadier
general
• Fought in Italy
• Energy, charm, and ability to
make quick decisions
• Intelligence, ease with words, &
supreme confidence
http://www.paintingstogo.com/david/napoleon.jpg
B. Military Successes
• In 1797, he took Egypt from
British and threatened India, a
major source of British wealth
• But, the British controlled the
seas, Napoleon was forced to
abandon his army in Egypt in
1799 and return to Paris
C. Consul & Emperor
• In 1799, he took part in a
coup d’etat, he was only 30
• A new gov’t called the
consulate was proclaimed
• As first consul, Napoleon
controlled the entire gov’t
• In fact he had absolute power
C. Consul & Emperor
• He appointed members of the
bureaucracy, controlled the army,
conducted foreign affairs &
influenced the legislature
• In 1804, he crowned himself
Emperor Napoleon I
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ddg.com/LIS/InfoDesignF96/Emin/napoleon/images/personal/coronation.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ddg.com/LIS/InfoDesignF96/Emin/napoleon/photo.html&h=307&
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The crowning of Emperor Napoleon I
Emperor Napoleon I
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II. Napoleon’s Domestic Policies
A. Peace with the Church
• In 1801, Napoleon made an
agreement with the Pope to
recognize Catholicism as the
religion of France
• In return the Pope would not ask
for the return of seized church
lands
B. Codification of Laws
• Most famous domestic
achievement was his codification
of the laws / called the seven
codes of law
• The most important was the
Civil Code, or Napoleonic Code
B. Codification of Laws
• The code recognized the
principle of equality of all
citizens before the law, the right
of the individual to choose a
profession, religious toleration &
the abolition of serfdom &
feudalism
C. A New Bureaucracy
• Napoleon worked hard to
develop a bureaucracy of
capable officials.
• Promotion, whether in civil or
military offices, was to be
based NOT on rank or birth but
on ability only.
D. Preserver of the Revolution?
• Did preserve aspects of the
Revolution through his Civil
Code & access to gov’t jobs
• Napoleon shut down 60% of
France’s 73 newspapers.
• Mail was opened by gov’t police
III. Napoleon’s Empire
A. Building the Empire
• From 1805 to 1807, Napoleon’s
Grand Army defeated the Austrian,
Prussian & Russian armies.
• His Grand Empire was composed
of three major parts: the French
Empire, dependent states and
allied states
B. Spreading the Principles of the
Revolution
• Within his empire, Napoleon
sought to spread some of the
principles of the French
Revolution, including legal equality,
religious toleration & economic
freedom.
B. Spreading the Principles of the
Revolution
• The spread of French revolutionary
principles was an important factor
in the development of liberal
traditions in these countries.
IV. The European Response
• Napoleon’s Grand empire collapsed
almost as rapidly as it had been
formed
• Two major reasons for the collapse
of Napoleon’s Grand Empire are:
the survival of Great Britain & the
force of nationalism.
A. Britain's Survival
• Britain’s survival was due primarily
to its naval power.
• The British navy’s decisive defeat
of a combined French-Spanish fleet
at Trafalgar in 1805 destroyed
any thought of an invasion of
Britain.
http://www.napoleonguide.com/pd_15.htm
A. Britain's Survival
• The aim of the Continental
System was to stop British goods
from reaching the European
continent to be sold there.
• It failed, Allied States resented
being told not to trade with Britain,
others began to cheat, others
resisted
B. Nationalism
• Nationalism is the unique cultural
identity of a people based on
common language, religion &
national symbols.
• Indirectly help spread nationalism
to other European countries
V. The Fall of Napoleon
• The beginning of Napoleon’s
downfall came in 1812 with his
invasion of Russia.
A. Disaster in Russia
• The Russian forces refused to give
battle & retreated for hundreds of
miles.
• As they retreated, they burned
their own villages & country side to
keep Napoleon’s army from finding
food.
• When the remaining Grand Army
arrived in Moscow, they found the
city ablaze.
A. Disaster in Russia
• Napoleon abandoned Moscow late
in October 1812 and began the
“Great Retreat”
• Less than 40,000 out of the
original 600,000 managed to
arrive back in Poland in January
1813.
http://www.pinakoteka.zascianek.pl/Suchodolski/Images/Berezyna.jpg
•Napoleon’s “Great Retreat” from Russia
A. Disaster in Russia
• Napoleon was soon sent into exile
on the island of Elba, off the coast
of Tuscany.
B. The Final Defeat
• The restored monarch Louis
XVIII had little support &
Napoleon bored on the island of
Elba, slipped back into France.
• At Waterloo in Belgium on June
18, 1815, Napoleon met a
combined British & Prussian army
under the Duke of Wellington &
suffered a bloody defeat.
http://www.imh.org/imh/jpg/waterloo.jpg
B. The Final Defeat
• This time, the victorious allies
exiled Napoleon to St. Helena, a
small island in the South Atlantic.
Napoleon was
crowned emperor in
1804.
Lord Nelson defeated
the French at the Battle
of Trafalgar.
Napoleon was exiled
to Elba in 1814.
Revolutionary France
In 1784, deputies in the
National Convention proposed
a new military school that
would train several thousand
young males aged 16 and 17
in the arts of war and the love
of country. A few months
later, the École de Mars,
or School of Mars (the Roman
god of war), opened on the
outskirts of Paris.
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eon/photo.html&h=307&w=522&sz=69&tbnid=I7kZfQUW4qAJ:&tbnh=75&tbnw=128&start=21&prev=/images%3Fq%3DNapoleon%26start%3D20%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN