Download European Imperialism

Imperialism
Nations compete to control the
pre-industrial world
The new industrial economy in
Europe required more raw
materials and new markets in
which to sell manufactured
products.
What is imperialism?
Imperialism occurs when a strong
nation takes over a weaker nation
or region and dominates its
economic, political, or cultural life.
Why did Europe lead the way in imperialism
in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s?
• Nationalism = European nations, such as
France, Great Britain, Germany, and Italy
became unified and wanted to build up their
nations through industrialization.
• Industrialization = required more natural
resources to power their industries. European
nations began to look to other continents for a
fresh supply of resources.
Three types of imperialism
• Colonies
• Protectorates
• Spheres of influence
Colonies
• Direct rule by one
country over another
• Replace local elites
with officials from the
mother country
• Settlement colonies
• Dependent colonies
Britain’s American colonies
are an example
India
• British East India
Company
• What did it do?
• British colony
• Jewel in the crown of
the British Empire
• Division of society
based on
race/ethnicity
• How were Indian
people treated?
MUTINY IS …………
An act of rebellion against authority!
• http://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/timeline/6/
It was decided to introduce the more accurate muzzle loading
Lee-Enfield Rifle. One way to speed up the loading process was
the introduction of a paper cartridge with the bullet sitting on
the exact quantity of powder needed. The loader was required
to bite open this paper cartridge to expose the powder.
The Mutiny Begins ! ….
• 1857 - The outbreak of fighting begins between the
British East India Company and the Sepoys.
• It took over 1 year to gain control over India once
again.
• Why didn’t the Muslims and Hindus take this
opportunity to UNITE against the British?
• Because the Muslims and Hindus were so split !
They did not like each other, nor the idea of uniting
as one. Hindus did not want Muslim Mughals to be
restored to power.
SEPOY MUTINY  Turning point
• 1858 - British Government takes full control of
India. This area was called “The Raj”
• “The Raj” – The term used to describe Britain's
control over India between 1757-1947
• They promised other Indian states would remain
free, but this promise did not hold up.
Social Class in India
In the photograph at the left, a British
officer is waited on by Indian servants.
This reflects the class system in India.
British Army
Social class determined the way of life
for the British Army in India. Upperclass men served as officers. Lowerclass British served at lesser rank and
did not advance past the rank of
sergeant. Only men with the rank of
sergeant and above were allowed to
bring their wives to India. Each
English officer’s wife attempted to recreate England in the home setting.
Like a general, she directed an army of
20 to 30 servants.
Nationalism Surfaces in India…
• Nationalism: Devotion or loyalty to ones own nation.
• Not only is there a separation between castes, but also a
separation between British and Indian people!
• Ram Mohun Moy – “Father of Modern India” ,
believed arranged marriages and caste system needed to
be changed.
• Many Indians adopt western ways and call for social
reforms
• Indians resent being second-class citizens in own
country
Nationalist Groups Form…
• Indian National Congress (1885) and Muslim
League (1905) form.
• Nationalists angered by partition of Bengal
(split: half Hindu/half Muslim)
– pressure forces Britain to divide it differently
Sepoy Mutiny Fuels Racism !
• “It is this consciousness of the inherent superiority of the
European which has won for us India. However well
educated and clever a native may be, and however brave
he may prove himself, I believe that no rank we can
bestow on him will cause him to be considered an equal
of the British officer” - Lord Kitchener
“The sun never sets on the British
Empire”
The Scramble for Africa
The Scramble for Africa
• The Berlin
Conference
• Nationalism
leads to
competition
• European
conflicts spill
over into their
colonies
WAR
Cause
Outcome
BOER WAR
Background:
The Boers (Dutch farmers)
came to South Africa in the
1600s. They discovered
gold and diamonds
•The British came to South
Africa in the 1800s. They
wanted the resources the
Dutch possessed.
•War broke out
•The British set up
concentration camps where
thousands of women,
children as well as Africans
died because of
malnutrition.
•Boers lost the war to the
British
• Boers also lost thousands
of women and children
from the concentration
camps.
•Thousands of native
Southern Africans lost their
lives
Suez Canal
Protectorates
• A country or region
that is controlled by a
more powerful
country
• Markets are only
open to that country
• Similar to mercantilist
practices
Korea became a protectorate of Japan
Spheres of Influence
• Economically
confined by a
dominant nation
• Territory keeps its
own government
China up to 1914
WAR
Cause
OPIUM WARS
•The Chinese finally grew tired
of the effect a society addicted
to opium, was having.
•War broke out when Chinese
ships attempted to turn back
English merchant vessels,
carrying opium, in November of
1839;
•The English then sent warships
in June of 1840.
Background:
•By the 1830's, the English had
become the major drugtrafficking criminal organization
in the world
•The British grew opium in
India, then shipped tons of
opium into China, which it
traded for Chinese manufactured
goods and for tea.
•This trade had produced, quite
literally, a country filled with
drug addicts.
Outcome
•
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Chinese, with oldstyle weapons and
artillery, were no match
for the British gunships.
Finally, in 1842, the
Chinese were forced to
agree to a peace treaty,
which favored the British
and signed the Treaty of
Nanking =
Reimburse Britain for
costs incurred fighting the
Chinese
Open several ports to
British trade
Provide Britain with
complete control of Hong
Kong
Grant extraterritoriality
to British citizens living
in China
Wars of Imperialism
Those who resisted 19th Century European Imperialism
WAR
Cause
BOXER REBELLION •Boxers wanted to rid
Who were the Boxers?
•A groups of farmers in
northern China
•Created a secret society
known as the "Righteous
and Harmonious Fists",
called the "Boxers" by
Western press.
•Members of the secret
society practiced boxing
(hence the nickname, the
"Boxers") which they
believed would make them
impervious to bullets.
China of all foreign
influence
•By late 1899, Boxers
were massacring Christian
missionaries and Chinese
Christians.
•An international force of
2,100 American, British,
Russian, French, Italian,
and Japanese soldiers were
sent to subdue the
"rebellion."
Outcome
•Boxers were defeated
•The Boxer Rebellion weakened
the Chinese emperor (couldn’t
defeat the imperialists) and
hastened the Republican
Revolution of 1911 that overthrew
the boy emperor and made China a
republic
CHINA
BRITAIN
U.S.A.
RUSSIA
Summary of motivations
• Economic
• Political
• Religious
• Exploratory
• Ideological
Japan
• In 1853, the U.S. sent
a fleet of ships under
the command of
Commodore
Matthew Perry to
Japan in order to
open it to trade.
• Soon, Britain, Russia,
and Holland
negotiated similar
treaties.
Japan
• However, Japan
remained a dominant
imperialist country in
Asia
• By 1940, they
controlled many Asian
markets
Effects of imperialism
• Industrial countries become wealthy.
powerful, and greedy
• Native culture & economy in colonies
diminishes
• Infrastructure & technology increase in
non-industrial countries
What were the effects of late 19th century and
early 20th century imperialism?
• Competition between European nations for control of
Africa and Asia. In Africa this competition for land
became known as the “Scramble for Africa.”
• The spread of European ideals (language, religion,
political and economic control) throughout the world.
The idea of Social Darwinism served as an “excuse” for
expansion. Social Darwinists argued that social
progress came from “the struggle for survival” as the
“fit”- the strong- advanced while the weak declined.
• Resistance to imperialism by colonized nations =
armed conflicts and rise of nationalism.
Be Sure to Review
• http://regentsprep.org/Regents/global/the
mes/imperialism/index.cfm
• Go through each region on the left side
bar of website.