Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Unit # 5 An Age of Revolutions The Scientific Revolution - Copernicus, Newton, Galileo, Descartes: new theories which questioned & challenged traditional thought - Scientific Method: experimentation and observation Enlightenment Relation to Scientific Revolution: use of reason, observation in examining gov’t and its relationship Locke: Natural Rights – “life, liberty & property” Voltaire: basic freedom or thought & expression – freedom of speech, press, religion Rousseau: social contract – agreement between people and gov’t Montesquieu: checks & balances (separation of powers) Impact of Enlightment on Nat’lism & Democracy: promoted democratic reforms within gov’t => people want to see changes Enlightened Despots: Maria Theresa (Austria): inc. the power of the nobility, regulated peasant work Catherine the Great (Russia): reformed laws, promoted religious tolerance, abolished torture & cap. punishment Political Revolutions American Revolution (1776-1783): American colonists rebel against British rule; est. democracy French Revolution (1789-1799): causes: poor leadership of Louis XVI, unfair treatment of 3rd Estate, ideas of the Enlightenment impacts: chaos & disorder (back & forth between democracy & abs. rule), eventually establish a Republic Napoleon: Rise to power – coup d’etat; Rule - as a dictator -> restored order, reformed economy (taxes), laws (Napoleonic Code); Descent - tried to create an empire Reaction Against Revolutionary Ideas Balance of Power (Congress of Vienna): restored Europe to what it was before Napoleon Revolutions of 1848: France, Germany, Italy and Austria were caused by a sense of nationalism Russian Absolutism • Reforms and expansion: Alexander created a bureaucracy, freed serfs, inc. education, health and welfare, right to jury trials Latin America Role of classes: Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos/Mulattos Africans natives Role of the church and military: dictatorships brought nations stability out of chaos Role of Cash Crops: small farmers were forced to focus too much on cash crops = no industry and reliant on foreigners for food Mexican Revolution Causes: oppressive gov’t; gap between rich and poor Effects: Mexican independence from Spain Porfirio Diaz Pancho Villa Emilano Zapata nationalist independence leaders Global Nationalism • Force of unification: Germany – Bismarck: “real politik” – BLOOD AND IRON – be proactive in change (used the military to provoke war & unite Germany) • Force of unification: Italy – Cavour: “brains of unification” – Mazzini: “soul of unification” – Garibaldi: “sword of unification” Nationalism - force of division • India – religious division - Indian Nat’l Congress: Hindus - Muslim League: Muslims • Balkans prior to WWI – (“powder keg”) ethnic and religious differences wanted their own independence Industrialization • Agrarian Revolution: inc. in production output (less workers needed) -> inc. in population (creates a steadier source of food) • Industrial Revolution – Factory system: centralized manufacturing (away from cottage industry) – Mercantilism to laissez faire eco: trade w/ colonies brings wealth w/ NO gov’t involvement – Adam Smith (Wealth of Nations): importance of capitalism & lack of gov’t regulation “Invisible Hand Theory” – act in own selfinterest – Changes in social classes (Middle Class): mid class grew in size and strength (power) – Changing roles of men, women & children: • Men: left manor to work in factories • Women: faced work in factories or were house wives • Children: went to work in factories (wealthy went to school) Responses to Industrialization • Socialism: economic equality • Conservatism: return to the past • Social reformism: wanted social, economic and political changes • Liberalism: wanted more changes for the future – Karl Marx – command economies: central planning committees (gov’t) decides what, how, for who to produce – Sadler Report: illustrated ills of factory work and child labor – Reform Legislation: Factory, Miner & Child Labor laws – Social Darwinism: “survival of the fittest” is used to explain & justify the gap between the rich and poor – Global Migration (1845-1850): • Irish potato famine –Growth of literacy: inc. education and critical thinking -> innovation & questioning –Thomas Malthus “Principles of Population”: stated an inc. in population has + and – effects Japan & the Meiji Restoration • Meiji Restoration: *(MODERNIZATION) westernization of Japan – est. industry and imperialize the Far East • Opening of Japan: – Cmdr. Matthew Perry – Treaty of Kanagawa led to industry & imperialism Modernization and industrialization: led to a need for raw materials Russo-Japanese War: Japan defeats Russia – becomes a world power Imperialism • Reasons –Nationalism: amt of colonies gave a sense of national pride –Political: expands a nations influence (inc. colonies) –Economic: used for resources & new markets The New Imperialism • Emphasized the creation of colonies to build wealth British in India: British East India Co.: controlled India Sepoy Mutiny: rebellion of Indian troops -> British controlBritish gov’t takes control of India Berlin Conference • African resistance: Zulu Resistance: against the Britishillustrated Britain’s weapon supremacy • Boer War: British v. Dutch Boers: British gain control over South Africa Spheres of Influence in China • Opium War and Treaty of Nanjing: British and the west take control of Chinese ports • Chinese Reaction to European Imperialism – Taiping Rebellion: Chinese rebel against the failing gov’t – Boxer Rebellion: Chinese nat’lists who fought foreigners and foreign influence – Sun YatSen: led revolt against the traditional Chinese Dynasty – attempted democracy Effects of Imperialism • Positive: modernized to an extent (NO factories); built infrastructure (roads, bridges, etc); built RRs; developed telegraph and telephone lines; built schools, hospitals • Negative: took advantage of people and their resources; violated human rights; forced assimilation (loss of traditions); social disorder; racism