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Ch. 11 The BYZANTINE Empire Constantine I Section 1: Byzantium becomes the New Rome AKINS HIGH SCHOOL Mr. Loessin’s World History Room 167 Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50 TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: • Explain the rise of Constantinople as the “new Rome.” • Describe Byzantine politics and the rise of Emperor Justinian. • Describe Justinian’s achievements and major events in Constantinople during and immediately after his reign. AGENDA: Begin Warm-up Immediately upon entering classroom ! • WARM-UP – • INTRODUCTION • DISCUSSION of - NEXT ASSIGNMENT: • Read Chapter 11, Sec. 1 • Study for Quiz Students recall: In what year did the Western Roman empire finally collapse due to the invasions by Germanic tribes? 476 A.D. Emperor Constantine moved the capital out of Rome and to the eastern capital of Byzantium, a city he renamed for himself – Constantinople. The eastern half of the old Roman empire would now become the Byzantine Empire. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 1: “Byzantium becomes the New Rome” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. • Constantinople PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 1: “Byzantium becomes the New Rome” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 527 – Justinian becomes ruler of the eastern empire Justinian I Ruled 527-565 A.D. 1. What did Justinian accomplish during his reign? Conquered new lands and retook former Roman lands so that his new Byzantine empire almost as big as Rome’s had been. Belisarius was Emperor Justinian’s head general and one of the greatest military commanders of his time. He spearheaded Byzantium's attempts to rebuild the Roman Empire, retaking North Africa from the Vandals. His very successes, however, made him many enemies. Incriminated in a plot against Justinian, his eyes were put out on the Emperor's orders in 561 A.D. Belisarius PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. According to a historian named Procopius, Belisarius was stripped of all his possessions and was reduced to begging in the streets of Byzantium. “Belisarius,” by Jacques-Louis David, French Neoclassical painting, 1781. BYZANTINE WEALTH From Trade What can you infer about Constantinople’ s location that made it a strategic location to benefit from Trade? PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. BYZANTINE WEALTH From Trade Very typical Byzantine Art: Church adornments & Religious icons Left: Icon depicting “Presentation of Christ in the Temple,” Byzantine wood painted, with gold-leaf background. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 1: “Byzantium becomes the New Rome” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 527 – Justinian becomes ruler of the eastern empire 1. What did Justinian accomplish during his reign? Conquered new lands and retook former Roman lands so that his new Byzantine empire almost as big as Rome’s had been. Established center of trade, this brought economic prosperity. Justinian I Ruled 527-565 A.D. 1. 2. 3. 4. His legal experts complete large body of civil laws – called “Justinian’s Code” Justinian appointed a commission in 528 A.D., consisting of ten persons, to make a new collection of imperial constitutions. The result was to gather together all Roman law into one code, known as the Justinian Code. The Justinian Code was divided into four parts: The Institutes served as a textbook in law for students and lawyers. The Digest was a casebook covering many trials and decisions. The Codex was a collection of statutes and principles, and The Novels contained new proposed laws. This legal code became the foundation of law in most western European countries. It was a compilation of early Roman laws and legal principles, illustrated by cases, and combined with an explanation of new laws and future legislation to be put into effect. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 1: “Byzantium becomes the New Rome” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 527 – Justinian becomes ruler of the eastern empire 1. What did Justinian accomplish during his reign? Conquered new lands and retook former Roman lands so that his new Byzantine empire almost as big as Rome’s had been. Established center of trade, this brought economic prosperity. Justinian I Ruled 527-565 A.D. His legal experts complete large body of civil laws – called “Justinian’s Code” Marriage to Theodora Theodora Born 500 A.D. Married Justininian 525 A.D. Died 548 A.D. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. History Makers: “Theodora” Packet, p. 2 Reading about a History Maker, “Theodora” Packet, p. 2 Textbook, p. “Empress Theodora and her attendants” From a collection of mosaics in the presbytery of the Church of San Vitale, Reading about a History Maker, “Theodora” Packet, p. 2 Textbook, p. Theodora was the daughter of a bearkeeper at the Hippodrome. Hardly the kind of background one would expect of a future Empress. Her former profession as an actress was also a mark against her. Needless to say Justinian’s marriage to her created quite a scandal. The center median of the former Hippodrome racetrack in Constantinople is today a city park in modern-day Istanbul, Turkey. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Reading about a History Maker, “Theodora” Packet, p. 2 Textbook, p. The Hippodrome was the center of Byzantine social life much like our sports arenas are today. Huge amounts were bet on chariot races, and the whole city was divided between fans of the Blue and Green chariot racing teams. The rivalry between Blues and Greens sometimes became mingled with political squabbles, and riots the size of civil wars would erupt in the city. The most severe of these was in 532. The center median of the former Hippodrome racetrack in Constantinople is today a city park in modern-day Istanbul, Turkey. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Reading about a History Maker, “Theodora” Packet, p. 2 Textbook, p. These riots in 532 A.D. were called the Nika Riots ("Nika"= "Victory!"), and grew from political unrest over the government's new tax measures. Rival gangs of Blues and Greens (admirers of rival chariot-racing teams) fought in the streets. Justinian wanted to leave the city during the riots, but two of his generals (Belisarius and Narses) and his wife Theodora, persuaded him to stay. Theodora took it upon herself to raise a personal army, an army that eventually killed 35,000 people in a single day. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Reading about a History Maker, “Theodora” Packet, p. 2 Textbook, p. “Empress Theodora and her attendants” From a collection of mosaics in the presbytery of the Church of San Vitale, CH 11, Sec. 1: “Byzantium becomes the New Rome” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 527 – Justinian becomes ruler of the eastern empire 1. What did Justinian accomplish during his reign? Conquered new lands and retook former Roman lands so that his new Byzantine empire almost as big as Rome’s had been. Established center of trade, this brought economic prosperity. Justinian I Ruled 527-565 A.D. His legal experts complete large body of civil laws – called “Justinian’s Code” Marriage to Theodora Theodora Born 500 A.D. Married Justinian 525 A.D. Died 548 A.D. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Reading about a History Maker, “Theodora” Packet, p. 2 Textbook, p. Theodora and Justinian preside over the dedication of the magnificent church Hagia Sophia (Church of “Holy Wisdom”) PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Reading about this great feat of architecture, “Hagia Sophia” Textbook, p. Hagia Sophia is the mother of all Eastern Orthodox Christian churches built in the Byzantine tradition and style. The dome of the Hagia Sofia must haveve been an impressive sight to maritime merchants arriving at Constantinople. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Early accounts suggest that this site had been the site of a pagan temple and was replaced with a church by the Eastern Roman Emperor Constantius, son of Emperor Constantine who had liberated the Christian faith from centuries of persecution. Constantius' church was dedicated in 360 AD. and was known as the Great Church because it was the largest at the time. It was later destroyed in mob riots. Reading about this great feat of architecture, “Hagia Sophia” Textbook, p. Hagia Sophia (Church of “Holy PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Following the destruction caused by the Nika rebellion, Justinian ordered that construction begin on a new basilica such as had never been seen before. The construction work lasted from 532 to 537; the new church was dedicated December 27, 537. Architecturally the grand basilica represented a major revolution in church building in that it featured a huge dome which necessitated the use of new ideas in order to support the weight of this dome, a feat which had not been attempted before. The dome would become characteristic of the “Romanesque” architectural Wisdom”) style in Byzantine church construction and represented the vault of heaven. Reading about this great feat of architecture, “Hagia Sophia” Textbook, p. 1,000 years after it’s construction in 537, Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453… and Hagia Sophia became a mosque… Reading about this great feat of architecture, “Hagia Sophia” Textbook, p. 1,000 years after it’s construction in 537, Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453… and Hagia Sophia became a mosque… …but the original Christian mosaics continue to adorn the interior. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 1: “Byzantium becomes the New Rome” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 527 – Justinian becomes ruler of the eastern empire 1. What did Justinian accomplish during his reign? Conquered new lands and retook former Roman lands so that his new Byzantine empire almost as big as Rome’s had been. Established center of trade, this brought economic prosperity. Justinian I Ruled 527-565 A.D. 537 – Justinian completes building the Hagia Sophia His legal experts complete large body of civil laws – called “Justinian’s Code” Marriage to Theodora Rebuilt Constantinople and the great church Hagia Sophia Theodora and Justinian preside over the dedication of the magnificent church Hagia Sophia (Church of “Holy Wisdom”) PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Reading a Primary Source, Procopius’ Secret History Packet, p. 3 Recognizing POINT OF VIEW in the telling of History………. Today the world remembers Justinian as a powerful ruler, a great builder, conqueror, teacher and lawgiver. But this is only because "history is written by the winners," and Justinian was a winner. The most important and respected source historian for this period was Procopius of Caesarea. Procopius accompanied Belisarius on some of his great conquests, wrote the emperor’s official histories of the wars and of Justinian's immense building programs. He ensured that we remember Justinian as a superman. But that was not the whole truth. Procopius dared not say what was really going on. He feared for his life (and the lives of his family) if he did. So he wrote another, secret history, with strict instructions that it was not to be published until after his death. This history was so shocking, so devastating, that scholars wanted to believe it was a forgery. Yet every test that can be made on it, shows it is no forgery. According to Procopius, the emperor Justinian who ruled the eastern Roman empire in the 6th century was demonic in his cruelty – determined to whatever it took to rebuild the empire – “yet in rebuilding it, he was destroying it.” Procopius was not alone in secretly hating Justinian. The chronicler Evagrius also agreed that Justinian would go to hell. CH 11, Sec. 1: “Byzantium becomes the New Rome” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 527 – Justinian becomes ruler of the eastern empire 1. What did Justinian accomplish during his reign? Conquered new lands and retook former Roman lands so that his new Byzantine empire almost as big as Rome’s had been. Established center of trade, this brought economic prosperity. Justinian I Ruled 527-565 A.D. 537 – Justinian completes building the Hagia Sophia Beloved Christian Emperor? PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. His legal experts complete large body of civil laws – called “Justinian’s Code” Marriage to Theodora Rebuilt Constantinople and the great church Hagia Sophia Is it common to hear two opposing Or…. views about great men in history? Brutal Political Tyrant? CH 11, Sec. 1: “Byzantium becomes the New Rome” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 527 – Justinian becomes ruler of the eastern empire 537 – Justinian completes building the Hagia Sophia 542 – Deadly plague sweeps through Constantinople 565 – Death of Justinian Size 2. How did the plague affect Constantinople? Constantinople Sizeofof empire, well at the Killed so many people it left the empire weakwasempire death of defended. 800 A.D. and vulnerable to enemies. Justinian. 622 – Muhammad’s Hegira 674 – Arab armies attack Constantinople CONSTANTINOPLE’S STRONG MILITARY DEFENSE & TECHNOLOGY SAVE THE DAY On two occasions, from 674 to 677, and again in 717-18, Arab armies besieged Constantinople by land and sea. Superior military organization, the city’s high walls and its strategic location, and the timely invention of one of history's most decisive weapons, a medieval form of napalm dubbed "Greek fire“ used by the Byzantine naval fleet enabled the Byzantines to weather the storm. The cost to both sides was high. By 800 A.D., Byzantium had lost most of her territory south of the Taurus Mountains and much of the remainder of the empire lay devastated. The Arabs lost untold thousands of men through futile attacks against Constantinople's defenses. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 1: “Byzantium becomes the New Rome” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 527 – Justinian becomes ruler of the eastern empire 537 – Justinian completes building the Hagia Sophia 542 – Deadly plague sweeps through Constantinople Kingdom of the Franks 565 – Death of Justinian 622 – Muhammad’s Hegira 674 – Arab armies attack Constantinople 800 – The Pope in Rome crowns the Frankish king Charlemagne the new “Holy Roman Emperor” PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Meanwhile…in the West The Western region was under attack again by Muslims, Vikings, and other groups. The Pope begged for the help of the Frankish king Charlemagne. In return for his efforts, the Pope made him the new Holy Roman emperor in the West. CH 11, Sec. 1: “Byzantium becomes the New Rome” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 527 – Justinian becomes ruler of the eastern empire NORSEMEN 537 – Justinian completes building the Hagia Sophia • Kiev 542 – Deadly plague sweeps through Constantinople 565 – Death of Justinian • Rome 622 – Muhammad’s Hegira 674 – Arab armies attack Constantinople 800 – The Pope in Rome crowns the Frankish king Charlemagne the new “Holy Roman Emperor” 820 – Vikings begin explorations and terrorize Europe The Vikings (or, Norsemen) settled around Kiev and intermarried with the eastern Slavs. These are the ancestors of the Rus (or, Russian people). PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. SLAVS • Constantinople CH 11, Sec. 1: “Byzantium becomes the New Rome” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. NORSEMEN 527 – Justinian becomes ruler of the eastern empire 537 – Justinian completes building the Hagia Sophia • Kiev 542 – Deadly plague sweeps through Constantinople SLAVS 565 – Death of Justinian • Rome 622 – Muhammad’s Hegira 674 – Arab armies attack Constantinople 800 – The Pope in Rome crowns the Frankish king Charlemagne the new “Holy Roman Emperor” 820 – Vikings begin explorations and terrorize Europe 860– Russians invade Constantinople for the first of three times. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. In the 9th c., Prince Oleg of the Kievan Rus launched a surprise attack against Constantinople – hanging his shield upon the gate of the great city. • Constantinople CH 11, Sec. 1: “Byzantium becomes the New Rome” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 527 – Justinian becomes ruler of the eastern empire NORSEMEN 537 – Justinian completes building the Hagia Sophia • Kiev 542 – Deadly plague sweeps through Constantinople 565 – Death of Justinian 622 – Muhammad’s Hegira SLAVS • Rome • Constantinople 674 – Arab armies attack Constantinople 800 – The Pope in Rome crowns the Frankish king Charlemagne the new “Holy Roman Emperor” 820 – Vikings begin explorations and terrorize Europe 860– Russians invade Constantinople for the first of three times. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. 3. How did the Byzantines prop up their shaky empire? First they used bribes, then diplomacy, then political marriages. Then reorganized their Empire’s military. End of Day 1 presentation. For homework, Use your textbook CH 11, Sec. 1 to finish questions #4. – 6. on p. 1 of your packet. Answer part B. as well. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Ch. 11 The BYZANTINE Empire Section 1: The Christian World Is Divided AKINS HIGH SCHOOL Mr. Loessin’s World History Room 167 Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50 TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: • Describe Justinian’s achievements and major events in Constantinople during and immediately after his reign. • Explain why the Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Roman Catholic) Churches split. • Identify the causes of the Byzantine Empire’s collapse. AGENDA: Begin Warm-up Immediately upon entering classroom ! • WARM-UP – • Continued DISCUSSION of •QUIZ over CH 11 Section 1 NEXT ASSIGNMENT: • Read Chapter 11, Sec. 2, finish the rest of p. in your packet. • Study for Quiz CH 11, Sec. 1: “Byzantium becomes the New Rome” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 527 – Justinian becomes ruler of the eastern empire NORSEMEN 537 – Justinian completes building the Hagia Sophia • Kiev 542 – Deadly plague sweeps through Constantinople 565 – Death of Justinian 622 – Muhammad’s Hegira 674 – Arab armies attack Constantinople 800 – The Pope in Rome crowns Frankish king Charlemagne “Holy Roman Emperor” 820 – Vikings begin explorations and terrorize Europe 860– Russians invade Constantinople for the first of three times. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. SLAVS • Rome • Constantinople 750 – 1000 A.D. “Western Europe and Eastern Byzantine Empire both face Invaders” Vikings (Norsemen) SLAVS PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 1: “The Christian and Muslim Worlds by 1050 A.D. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 1: “The Christian World Divides” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 1054 – Christianity splits into the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Church in the East. “The Great Schism in Christianity must not be viewed as the result of only one quarrel in the Church. It is not true that after centuries of perfect peace, suddenly on account of one dispute, the Christian world fell apart. It was rather a case of a breach of communication caused by long-festering anger and bad feelings, not by a rival theology initially. It would be inconceivable that hundreds of Bishops would suddenly break away from union with their chief, if all had been going smoothly before. The great schism is rather the result of a very gradual process. Its Causes must be sought centuries before there was any suspicion of their final effect.” The Catholic Encyclopedia PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 1: “The Christian World Divides” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 1054 – Christianity splits into the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Church in the East. The leader of the Roman Catholic Church in the West is the Pope. Rome . The leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople is the Patriarch. 4. What factors led to the Great Schism? * Language – the West spoke Latin; the East spoke Greek. * Church Authority The East said the Bible was the final Authority on all issues of Faith West said it was the Pope’s interpretation of the Bible that was the final Authority. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 1: “The Christian World Divides” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 1054 – Christianity splits into the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Church in the East. The leader of the Roman Catholic Church in the West is the Pope. The leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople is the Patriarch. 4. What factors (disagreements) led to the Great Schism in the Church? * Language – the West spoke Latin; the East spoke Greek. * Church Authority - East said the Bible was the final Authority on all issues West said it was the Pope’s interpretation of the Bible. * Divorce – Eastern Patriarch began to allow divorces. Western Pope forbid divorce. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 1: “The Christian World Divides” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 1054 – Christianity splits into the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Church in the East. The leader of the Roman Catholic Church in the West is the Pope. The leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople is the Patriarch. 4. What factors (disagreements) led to the Great Schism in the Church? * Language – the West spoke Latin; the East spoke Greek. * Church Authority - East said the Bible was the final Authority on all issues West said it was the Pope’s interpretation of the Bible. * Divorce – Eastern Patriarch began to allow divorces. Western Pope forbid divorce. * Priests Right to Marry – Orthodox priests could marry. Catholic priests may not. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 1: “The Christian World Divides” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 1054 – Christianity splits into the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Church in the East. The leader of the Roman Catholic Church in the West is the Pope. The leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople is the Patriarch. 4. What factors (disagreements) led to the Great Schism in the Church? * Language – the West spoke Latin; the East spoke Greek. * Church Authority - East said the Bible was the final Authority on all issues West said it was the Pope’s interpretation of the Bible. * Divorce – Eastern Patriarch began to allow divorces. Western Pope forbid divorce. * Priests Right to Marry – Orthodox priests could marry. Catholic priests may not. * the Icon Controversy PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 1: “The Christian World Divides” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 1054 – Christianity splits into the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Church in the East. 4. What factors (disagreements) led to the Great Schism in the Church? * Language – the West spoke Latin; the East spoke Greek. * Church Authority - East said the Bible was the final Authority on all issues West said it was the Pope’s interpretation of the Bible. * Divorce – Eastern Patriarch began to allow divorces. Western Pope forbid divorce. * Priests Right to Marry – Orthodox priests could marry. Catholic priests may not. * the Icon Controversy Useful Aids for Religious Devotion? PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. ICONOGRAPHY Or…a form of Idol worship? CH 11, Sec. 1: “The Christian World Divides” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 1054 – Christianity splits into the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Church in the East. 4. What factors (disagreements) led to the Great Schism in the Church? * Language – the West spoke Latin; the East spoke Greek. * Church Authority - East said the Bible was the final Authority on all issues West said it was the Pope’s interpretation of the Bible. * Divorce – Eastern Patriarch began to allow divorces. Western Pope forbid divorce. * Priests Right to Marry – Orthodox priests could marry. Catholic priests may not. * the Icon Controversy Icons - sacred religious images. representing saints, Christ, and the Virgin, as well as narrative scenes such as Christ's Crucifixion. While today the term is most closely associated with wooden panel painting, in Byzantium icons could be crafted in all media, including marble, ivory, gemstone, precious metal, enamel, and mosaic. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 1: “The Christian World Divides” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 1054 – Christianity splits into the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Church in the East. 4. What factors (disagreements) led to the Great Schism in the Church? * Language – the West spoke Latin; the East spoke Greek. * Church Authority - East said the Bible was the final Authority on all issues West said it was the Pope’s interpretation of the Bible. * Divorce – Eastern Patriarch began to allow divorces. Western Pope forbid divorce. * Priests Right to Marry – Orthodox priests could marry. Catholic priests may not. * the Icon Controversy Icons - sacred religious images. Iconoclasts – those who opposed the use of icons and saw the practice as idolatry. Byzantine Emperor Leosome III believed the Icons The matter were not went as on popular for in the time West, until but success of1054 the Arabs waswith to their the finally Popeindecided the toPope side indue thethe West poorand the imagery-hating Muslim religion, masses Patriarch in in thethe East East who wanted them – and thus to ban Christian icons. hoping each excommunicated he tried couldtowin greater the other. authority there. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 1: “The Christian World Divides” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 1054 – Christianity splits into the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Church in the East. 4. What factors (disagreements) led to the Great Schism in the Church? * Language – the West spoke Latin; the East spoke Greek. * Church Authority - East said the Bible was the final Authority on all issues West said it was the Pope’s interpretation of the Bible. * Divorce – Eastern Patriarch began to allow divorces. Western Pope forbid divorce. * Priests Right to Marry – Orthodox priests could marry. Catholic priests may not. * the Icon Controversy Icons - sacred religious images. Iconoclasts – those who opposed the use of icons and saw the practice as idolatry. Excommunication – to “kick out” of the Church / forbid one to receive the Church’s sacraments. Schism – split or division. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 1: “The Christian World Divides” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 1054 – Christianity splits into the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Church in the East. 1204 – Crusading Christians from Europe loot and pillage Constantinople. 5. What was the effect of the Schism? Christianity was permanently divided between Roman Catholic (in West) and the Orthodox Church (in East). Western – Eastern Christians Clash The richest city of the world – Constantinoplewas at the mercy of the rowdy Europeans. The barbarians did horrible things that are beyond imagination. They tortured and massacred a large part of the population, destroyed churches, palaces, monasteries and even sculptures made by Phidias, stole thousands of priceless icons, relics and other holy items, raped young girls and boys. Not to mention the countless manuscripts of ancient Greek learning which were burnt by the ignorant and illiterate Francs. So much was the hatred of the Europeans for the Greek Empire! PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. THE CRUSADES A 200 year period of 9 Crusades total in which the Western European Christians attempted to retake the “Holy Land” (Jerusalem) from the Muslim Empire. The Western Christians from poor Medieval Europe… …were like silly, jealous babies in a Candy store. …to do so each time meant passing through Constantinople. The Church of St. Mark’s in Venice… …still retains today many of the treasures that were taken from Constantinople’s churches in 1204. CH 11, Sec. 1: “The Christian World Divides” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 1054 – Christianity splits into the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Church in the East. 5. What was the effect of the Schism? Christianity was permanently divided between Roman Catholic (in West) and the Orthodox Church (in East). 1204 – Crusading Christians from Europe loot and pillage Constantinople. The looting of Constantinople in 1204 by the European Christian Crusaders was an irretrievable disaster for the Byzantines. With its territory and resources shrinking, Byzantium was never again able to fully quell internal disorders or to exercise independence from outside powers. The state became so impoverished that in 1369 Emperor John V was arrested for debt in Venice as he tried to obtain financial help from the West. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. The weakened Constantinople could not defend itself from the rising new power in the region – the Ottoman Turks – who, by the 1300s – had completely encircled the old Eastern capital. “Woe be to thee, O Constantinople, seated on seven hills, thou shall not continue a thousand years.” CH 11, Sec. 1: “Byzantium Becomes the New Rome” Packet, p. 1 Textbook, p. 330 – Constantine makes Byzantium his new capital, Constantinople 527 – Justinian becomes ruler of the eastern empire 674 – Arab armies attack Constantinople 860 – Russians invade Constantinople for the first of three times. 1054 – Christianity splits into the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Church in the East. 1204 – Crusading Christians from Europe loot and pillage Constantinople. 1453 – Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks. 6. What factors enabled the city to survive for so many years before finally falling? Its walls, naval fleet, and its strategic location. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. QUIZ TIME! Former Constantinople, Istanbul, Turkey today Ch. 11 The BYZANTINE Empire Section 1: The Christian World Is Divided AKINS HIGH SCHOOL Mr. Loessin’s World History Room 167 Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50 TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: • Describe Justinian’s achievements and major events in Constantinople during and immediately after his reign. • Explain why the Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Roman Catholic) Churches split. • Identify the causes of the Byzantine Empire’s collapse. AGENDA: • WARM-UP – • Continued DISCUSSION of •QUIZ over CH 11 Section 1 NEXT ASSIGNMENT: • Read Chapter 11, Sec. 2, finish the rest of p. in your packet. • Study for Quiz Ch. 11 Section 2 The Russians Ivan the Great 1440-1505 AKINS HIGH SCHOOL Mr. Loessin’s World History Room 167 Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50 TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: • Summarize the Slavic, Greek Byzantine, and Viking roots of Russia and Russian culture. • Describe the rise and fall of the principality of Kiev. • Explain how the Mongol invasions united Russia and brought power to Moscow. AGENDA: • WARM-UP – Read History Makers, “Alexander Nevsky” – p. 277 • DISCUSSION of • DAILY QUIZ NEXT ASSIGNMENT: • Read Chapter 11, Sec. 3, Do p. 6 in your packet. CH 11, Sec. 2: “The Russians” Packet, p. 4 Textbook, p. 274- (see map p. 275) 850 – Scandinavian chief Rurik establishes first Rus Principality in Novgorod. The Vikings of Scandinavia 860 – First Russian raid on have Constantinople. been called other names in history 879 – Prince– Oleg moves the the Norsemen principality(North-men), to Kiev. and the Slavs referred to Kiev remain the them aswould Varangians, capital of Kievan Rus (a loose or the Rus. NORSEMEN • Novgorod RUS • Kiev SLAVS • Rome • Constantinople federation of small states) for the next 300 years. The society was divided between the peasant masses the 820 – Vikings beginand explorations and Russian nobles called boyars. terrorize Europe B. IDENTIFY B. IDENTIFY The Vikings (or, Norsemen) Slavs ––around settled people of Kiev theand Black boyars Russian nobility. Forest Regionwith intermarried north theofeastern the Black Sea. Slavs. These They are the wereancestors Russia’s of the Rus first (or,unified Russian territory. people). PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 2: “The Russians” Packet, p. 4 Textbook, p. 274-275 850 – Scandinavian chief Rurik establishes first Rus Principality in Novgorod. NORSEMEN • Novgorod 860 – First Russian raid on Constantinople. RUS SLAVS 879 – Prince Oleg moves the principality to Kiev. 945 – Trade agreements with the Kiev would remain Byzantine empirethe establish capitalclose of Kievan Rus (a loose ties and federation of small states) for cultural exchanges. the next 300 years. • Rome 957 – Russian Princess Olga visits Constantinople and is converted to Christianity. B. IDENTIFY Olga – Russian princess who converted to Christianity. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. • Kiev Russian Icon of St. Princess Olga • Constantinople Sets up the first Rus principality in Novgorod; establishes Russian dynasty Visits Constantinople and Converts to Christianity Moves Rus capital to Kiev PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 2: “The Russians” Textbook, p. 273 Byzantine Christian Missionaries Visit the Slavs The brothers Cyril and Methodius were living in a monastery in Constantinople when the Slavic leaders sent for a Christian teacher. Cyril was selected and was accompanied by his brother. The two “missionaries” who learned the Slav language and converted many of the people to Christianity. Because they were acquainted with the language of the Slavs, Cyril and Methodius were then chosen to provide a written alphabet for them. Cyril invented an alphabet for the Slavs, using the Greek letters and, with the help of Methodius, translated the Gospels into the Slavic people’s language. Today the Cyrillic alphabet is still used in Russia and other parts of eastern Europe. ä×ÅÒØ- Door õÞÉÔÅÌØ - Teacher ðÁÒÔÁ - Desk CH 11, Sec. 2: “The Russians” Packet, p. 4 Textbook, p. 275 Read story in text, p. 275 of how Vladimir chose Orthodox Christianity for his people. Orthodox Icon of Saints Vladimir and Olga. B. IDENTIFY 1. What ties linked Kiev to Byzantium? Trade – along the Dnieper river and Sea route to Constantinople. Religion – cultural diffusion will lead the Kievan Rus to adopt the Christian religion of Byzantium. Olga – Russian princess who converted to Christianity. Vladimir – He established permanent links with Byzantine empire and under his rule all Russians converted to Christiantiy. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 2: “The Russians” Packet, p. 4 Textbook, p. 275 Map showing the principality of Kievan Rus, 878-912. B. IDENTIFY 1. What ties linked Kiev to Byzantium? Trade – along the Dnieper river and Sea route to Constantinople. Religion – cultural diffusion will lead the Kievan Rus to adopt the Christian religion of Byzantium. Olga – Russian princess who converted to Christianity. Vladimir – He established permanent links with Byzantine empire and under his rule all Russians converted to Christiantiy. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 2: “The Russians” Packet, p. Textbook, p. 1. What ties linked Kiev to Byzantium? Trade – along the Dnieper river and Sea route to Constantinople. Religion – cultural diffusion will lead the Kievan Rus to adopt the Christian religion of Byzantium. B. IDENTIFY Vladimir – He established permanent links with Byzantine empire and under his rule all Russians converted to Christiantiy. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 2: “The Russians” Packet, p. Textbook, p. 2. How did Vladimir and his son Yaroslav contribute to the power of Kiev? Vladimir expanded the size of the state west into modern-day Poland and north to the Baltic Sea. Yaroslav married off his daughters and sisters to the kings and princes of western Europe to forge trading alliances. Yaroslav also compiled Russia’s first law code. Yaroslav the Wise isB. considered the greatest IDENTIFY ruler of Vladimir the Kievan –period. He established permanent links with Byzantine empire He led an extensive building program churches – modeling the Byzantine style. He also and under his of rule all Russians converted to Christiantiy. copied the Byzantines model of law, ordering the revision of all Russian laws PPaccordingly. Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 2: “The Russians” Packet, p. 4 Textbook, p. 276 1054 was the year that Christianity had its Schism, or split. Ironically, it is also the year that Yaroslav died, and division began to occur in Kievan Rus as well as his descendants fought over territory. Yaroslav the Wise isB. considered the greatest IDENTIFY ruler of Vladimir the Kievan –period. He established permanent links with Byzantine empire He led an extensive building program churches – modeling the Byzantine style. He also and under his of rule all Russians converted to Christiantiy. copied the Byzantines model of law, ordering the revision of all Russian laws PPaccordingly. Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 2: “The Russians” Packet, p. 4 Textbook, p. 276 3. What factors brought about Kiev’s decline? Yaroslav had divided his empire among his sons. Their internal fighting for territory tore the state of Kievan Rus apart. Also, the Crusades disrupted trade between the Byzantines and the Russians, creating economic hardship in Russia. In its weakened state, Russia was suddenly attacked by the Mongols from Asia who demolished Kiev. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. While the Mongol conquests brought much destruction, the Read great economic benefits that the followed about should not be Mongols, disregarded. Travel safetytextbook was guaranteed, a great trading network p. 277 was formed stretching from China to Europe. For the first time in Alsothesee centuries, Silk Road 296-297 was reopened, allowing cultural diffusion again between East and West. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 2: “The Russians” Packet, p. Textbook, p. 1054 – Yaroslav dies; his sons fight over Kievan territory. 1204 – Crusading Christians loot and pillage Constantinople; disrupting trade with Russia. 1227 – Ghengis Khan, founder of Mongol dynasty dies. His successors continue to expand empire. 4. How did the Mongols treat the Russian people? Were tolerant of all religions; allowed Russians to keep customs as before; Demanded obedience to Mongol rulers and a large amount of tribute (taxes) from all the Russian principalities had to be paid annually. 1240 – Batu Khan establishes the “Khanate of the Golden Horde” over Russia Prince Alexander of Novgorod defeats Swedes at Neva River. Statue of Alexander Nevsky in St. Petersburg square. B. IDENTIFY Alexander Nevsky – Prince of Novgorod who defeated invading Swedes at the Neva River and advised the Russian princes to cooperate with the Mongols. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 2: “The Russians” Packet, p. Textbook, p. 1054 – Yaroslav dies; his sons fight over Kievan territory. 1204 – Crusading Christians loot and pillage Constantinople; disrupting trade with Russia. 1227 – Ghengis Khan, founder of Mongol dynasty dies. His successors continue to expand empire. 1240 – After burning Moscow, Batu Khan establishes the “Khanate of the Golden Horde” over Russia Prince Alexander of Novgorod defeats Swedes at Neva River. 4. How did the Mongols treat the Russian people? Were tolerant of all religions; allowed Russians to keep customs as before; Demanded obedience to Mongol rulers and a large amount of tribute (taxes) from all the Russian principalities had to be paid annually. Muscovy princes become the official “tax collectors” for the Mongol tribute. Leads to the rise in power of Moscow. B. IDENTIFY Alexander Nevsky – Prince of Novgorod who defeated invading Swedes at the Neva River and advised the Russian princes to cooperate with the Mongols. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 2: “The Russians” Packet, p. Textbook, p. 5. What were some effects of Mongol rule on Russia? Ironically, it helped to unify Russia since the Mongols viewed Russia as part of their own unified empire. It isolated Russia from Western Europe (gave Russia its “identity struggle” – Asian?) Led to the rise of Moscow as center of power. Ivan I, or Ivan the “moneybags”, was the leading prince of Moscow and, after crushing a Russian / Slavic revolt against the Mongols, was rewarded as the Mongol's leading tax collector and made himself and Moscow very wealthy by maintaining his loyalty to the Mongol Khanate of the Golden Horde. He used this wealth to give loans to neighboring Russian principalities. These cities gradually fell deeper and deeper into debt, a condition that would allow Ivan's successors to annex them. Ivan's greatest success, however, was convincing the Khan that his son should succeed him as Grand Prince of all Russia. Therefore, from then on the important position always belonged to the ruling house of Moscow. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 2: “The Russians” Packet, p. Textbook, p. Ivan I, or Ivan the “moneybags”, was the leading prince of Moscow and, after crushing a Russian / Slavic revolt against the Mongols, was rewarded as the Mongol's leading tax collector and made himself and Moscow very wealthy by maintaining his loyalty to the Mongol Khanate of the Golden Horde. He used this wealth to give loans to neighboring Russian principalities. These cities gradually fell deeper and deeper into debt, a condition that would allow Ivan's successors to annex them. Ivan's greatest success, however, was convincing the Khan that his son should succeed him as Grand Prince of all Russia. Therefore, from then on the important position always belonged to the ruling house of Moscow. Reading “Ivan III - Builder of Russia” Packet, p. 5 Textbook, p. 278 Ivan III Ruled 43 years Was 13 when the Byzantine empire fell to the Turks in 1453 Married Sophia, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor Ivan saw himself as the inheritor of “Rome” Referred to Moscow as “the third Rome” Ivan III “the Great” 1440-1505 Grand Prince of Russia Began calling himself “Czar” (Russian for Caesar) 1480 – stops paying the tribute to the Mongols Russians and Mongols have a bloodless standoff Russia gains independence Ivan III begins empire-building. Reading “Ivan III - Builder of Russia” Packet, p. 5 Textbook, p. 278 Ivan 6. What III events marked the beginning of an Ruledindependent 43 years Russian Empire? IvantheIIIByzantine refusedempire to payfelltribute to thein 1453 WasCzar 13 when to the Turks Mongols; resulting in a bloodless standoff and Married Sophia, thegiving niece ofRussia the last Byzantine emperor the Mongols its independence. Ivan saw himself as the inheritor of “Rome” Referred to Moscow as “the third Rome” Ivan III “the Great” 1440-1505 Grand Prince of Russia Began calling himself “Czar” (Russian for Caesar) 1480 – stops paying the tribute to the Mongols Russians and Mongols have a bloodless standoff Russia gains independence Ivan III begins empire-building. Ch. 11 Section 2 The Russians Ivan the Great 1440-1505 AKINS HIGH SCHOOL Mr. Loessin’s World History Room 167 Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50 TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: • Summarize the Slavic, Greek Byzantine, and Viking roots of Russia and Russian culture. • Describe the rise and fall of the principality of Kiev. • Explain how the Mongol invasions united Russia and brought power to Moscow. AGENDA: • WARM-UP – Read History Makers, “Alexander Nevsky” – p. 277 • DISCUSSION of • DAILY QUIZ NEXT ASSIGNMENT: • Read Chapter 11, Sec. 3, Do p. 6 in your packet. CHAPTER 11 Section 3 The Turkish Empire Rises AKINS HIGH SCHOOL Mr. Loessin’s World History Room 167 Tutorials: T-F 8:20-8:50 TODAY’S OBJECTIVES: • Describe the rise of the Seljuk Turks and their impact on Persian culture. • Explain how internal problems and foreign attack ended Seljuk power. AGENDA: • WARM-UP – Read History Makers, “Malik Shah” – p. 280 • DISCUSSION of • DAILY QUIZ NEXT ASSIGNMENT: • STUDY FOR CHAPTER 11 TEST • Review all Daily Quizzes! CH 11, Sec. 3: “Turks Create an Empire” Packet, p. 6 Textbook, p. 279 When the Abbasids first noticed the military skills of the Turks, they began to buy Turkish children as slaves, to raise as soldiers, and employ as bodyguards. TURKS Eventually the mamelukes became a powerful force of their own, even stronger than their Abbasid caliph rulers in Baghdad. B. IDENTIFY mamelukes – Turkish military slaves. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 3: “Turks Create an Empire” Packet, p. 6 Textbook, p. 279 This foreign (Turkish) influence came at a bad time for the Abbasids, whose empire was already losing vast amounts of territory. TURKS 1. In 945, Persian armies move into Baghdad. They put an end to the caliph’s political power, he now was only a religious leader. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 3: “Turks Create an Empire” Packet, p. 6 Textbook, p. 279 2. Around 970, large numbers of Turks known as Seljuks migrate into the Abbasid Empire. They converted to Islam, but would then make war on the other Muslims. Tughrul Begh, began the Seljuk Turk conquests around 1035. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 3: “Turks Create an Empire” Packet, p. 6 Textbook, p. 279 The Battle of Manzikert is an important event because the defeat of the Byzantines and win of the Muslim Turks frightened the Pope in the West so much he would launch the First Crusade. 3. The Seljuks march on the Byzantine Empire. The Turks defeat the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. Within a year they occupied all of Anatolia and were close to Constantinople. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 3: “Turks Create an Empire” Packet, p. 6 Textbook, p. 280 4. The Seljuks choose a Persian city, Isfahan, as their capital. The political move helped the Turks win support of their Persian subjects. 5. The Turks adopt Persian as the language of culture and adopt features of the Persian way of life. The Arabic language almost disappeared from Persia, except among the religious scholars. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 3: “Turks Create an Empire” Packet, p. 6 Textbook, p. 280 Malik Shah, the most famous of the Seljuk sultans (rulers) often appointed Persians to serve in his government offices. He began using the title “Shah” – the Persian word for “king.” He even allowed a Persian to serve as his government’s Prime Minister, or vizier. 6. Malik Shah, the last of the strong Seljuk leaders dies. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. No capable Shah to replace him, and the Seljuk empire quickly disintegrated into a collection of small petty kingdoms. CH 11, Sec. 3: “Turks Create an Empire” Packet, p. 6 Textbook, p. 281 1099 – The First Crusade was the only successful Crusade for the Western Christians. In this year, they did retake Jerusalem – and massacred thousands of the Jewish and Muslims inhabitants. 1187 – Christian European rule in Jerusalem ends. Muslim Turks retake Holy Land. 7. The Seljuks fight back against the Crusaders after a century of domination. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Led by Saladin, the Muslims recovered Jerusalem from the Christian Crusaders and signed a truce with King Richard the Lion-hearted of England. Saladin was the leader of the Seljuk Turks who defeated the western Christian Crusader armies at Jerusalem in 1187 and forced the Christian king Richard the Lion-hearted of England to sign a truce. The agreement gave Jerusalem to the Muslims but granted Western Christians the right to access Christian Holy Places in Palestine. CH 11, Sec. 3: “Turks Create an Empire” Packet, p. 6 Textbook, p. 281 1099 – The First Crusade was the only successful Crusade for the Western Christians. In this year, they did retake Jerusalem – and massacred thousands of the Jewish and Muslims inhabitants. 1187 – Christian European rule in Jerusalem ends. Muslim Turks retake Holy Land. 8. Further Crusades occur, but each is weaker than the last one. The threat to the Turks from the western European Christians eventually passed. New Threat to Turks Comes not from West but from the East! THE MONGOLS 1258 – Genghis Khan’s grandson Hulagu takes Baghdad and has thousands of people killed. Read what Hulagu did to the Abbasid caliph… See Textbook, p. 281 PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CH 11, Sec. 3: “Turks Create an Empire” Packet, p. 6 Textbook, p. 281 1187 – Christian European rule in Jerusalem ends. Muslim Turks retake Holy Land. 1258 – Genghis Khan’s grandson Hulagu takes Baghdad and has thousands of people killed. THE MONGOLS PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. CHAPTER 11 TEST TOMORROW • STUDY the Section 1 and Section 2 quizzes • SKIM over Textbook Chapter • SKIM over your notes ! CHAPTER 11 TEST TODAY Open Textbook to CH. 11 and skim it over. Look over your Quizzes Look over your Packet notes….