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The French Revolution French Revolution and Napoleon Chapter 11 1789-1815 The French Revolution The French Revolution Begins Section 1 Old Order • Old Regime: social and political order of France that divided French society into three estates • Estates: social classes – Three Estates: (Write on Graphic Organizer) • First Estate: Clergy of the Catholic Church – 130,000 (1%) • Second Estate: Rich nobles – 350,000 (2%) • Third Estate: bourgeoisie, urban lower class, and peasant farmers – 26,835,000 (97%) First Estate • First Estate had the following privileges: – – – – – 130,000 (1%) of French population High offices (political and church) Paid 2 % of taxes Owned 10% of the land in France Divided between priests from wealthy families and common families • Both the first and second estates felt threatened by Enlightenment ideas, but why? Second Estate • Second Estate had the following privileges: – 350,000 (2%) of French population – Owned 25-30% of the land – Held many of the highest positions in: the government, military, law courts, and church offices – Paid almost no taxes – Many of them sought to keep monarch from taking their power in government Third Estate • 26,835,000 people in Third Estate (97%) • Very economically diverse group – Bourgeoisie (Middle Class): bankers, factory owners, merchants, and skilled artisans • Often well educated and believed strongly in Enlightenment ideals (liberty and equality) • Paid HIGH taxes – no privileges – Workers: poorest group, trades people, apprentices, labors, and domestic servants – Peasants 80% of France’s population, ½ of income went to pay dues to nobles, tithe, and taxes to the king Forces/Causes of Change • Enlightenment Ideas: new ideas about power and authority in government – Inspired by the American Revolution – Third Estate demanded equality, liberty, and democracy • Economic Troubles – Decline – Alarmed merchants, factory owners, and bankers – Heavy burden of taxes • Weak Leader – Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette paid little attention to government advisers Dawning of the Revolution • Estates-General: an assembly of representatives from all three estates – Goal: Approve new taxes on the nobility proposed by Louis XVI – Each estate had ONE vote – Third Estate persuaded the assembly to give each delegate a vote –which would give the Third Estate a chance • Third Estate locked out of meeting = National Assembly • Tennis Court Oath: attempt to end the absolute monarchy in France and create a constitution. Storming of the Bastille • July 14, 1789 – Bastille Day • Bastille: Royal Prison in France – Built in the 1300s – symbol of the abuse of royal power – Most prisoners were held because they disagreed with the king • Stormed July 14 – 100 people died in the battle • Stormed because the National Assembly was afraid Louis XVI would use force to disband the assembly Violence Leads to Fear • The Great Fear – Rumors of nobles hiring people to terrorize peasants led the peasants to attack the nobles – Peasant women rioted over the rising price of bread – Parisians demanded that Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette return to Paris (leave Versailles) The French Revolution Radical Revolution and Reaction Section 2 Reforming France • National Assembly does away with Estate system and makes everyone EQUAL • “Declaration of the Rights of Man” – “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights” • Catholic Church’s power and wealth now controlled by the state (National Assembly) Divisions Develop • National Assembly developed French constitution and creates Limited Monarchy – Legislative Assembly: created by constitution – King still had the executive authority to enforce laws • Political divisions form over opinions of how to solve French problems – – – – Radicals, Moderates, Conservatives Radicals wanted to abolish monarch Moderates wanted some changes in government Conservatives supported the idea of a limited monarchy and wanted few changes in government War and Execution • Legislative Assembly declared war in April 1792 in response • August 10, 1792 20,000 men and women invaded the palace where the royal family was staying—took royal family hostage • Parisian citizens massacred prisoners – nobles, priests, and royalist sympathizers • Legislative Assembly becomes National Convention and makes France a republic Jacobins • Jacobins were the members of the radical political organization • Jean Paul Marat – Edited French newspaper, Friend of the People – Prominent Jacobin – Called for the death of people who still supported the monarch (Louis XVI and Marie) Beheading of the Monarch • Jacobins and National Convention found Louis XVI GUILTY of treason – sent him to be executed • January 21, 1793 Louis XVI beheaded by the guillotine • Marie Antoinette will follow. Guillotine • Dr. Joseph Guillotine – Machine that would efficiently, humanely, and democratically execute a person – Claimed the person being executed would not feel anything (How would be know?!) – Some citizens felt the guillotine executed the criminals too quickly for one to enjoy… Reign of Terror • Maximilien Robespierre – Jacobin leader who gained power after Louis XVI’s execution – How radical where the Jacobins? They changed the calendar to take out Sundays! – Robespierre began to rule France as a dictator (Where have we seen this before?) = Reign of Terror – Many Jacobin enemies tried and executed for treason (Morning conviction/Afternoon execution) End of the Reign of Terror • Jacobins turned on Robespierre because they feared for their own safety • They demanded his arrest and execution – executed on July 28, 1794 • This created a scramble for power in the French government – No more National Convention Directory • Directory = 5 upper class men – Will become corrupt… (sound familiar?) The French Revolution Age of Napoleon Section 3 Napoleon Bonaparte • Born in Corsica (Mediterranean island) in 1769 • Graduated military school at 16 years old and became a lieutenant in the artillery • When revolution broke out in France, he joined the army of the new government (National Convention) • He defended the N.C. when royalist rebels tried to attack the delegates, which gave him a high rank in the French military. Napoleon’s Rise through the Ranks • After his defense of the N.C. delegates, he became known as the “savior of the French republic” • The Directory appointed him to lead the French army – He was victorious which helped to keep his image as a hero for the French republic • 1799, he comes back to France from Egypt to take control of the French government… Coup d'état • The Directory lost control of government and the confidence of French citizens • Napoleon commanded troops to surround the national legislature and drive out the members – Remaining members voted to do away with the Directory – Created a group of 3 consuls, one being Napoleon – Napoleon quickly grabbed power and became a dictator • Napoleon would become emperor of France and commander of the French army Napoleon’s Rule • Accomplishments – Support of French citizens – Restoration of Order • Stabilized economy by creating tax collection system & national banking system – Tried to end corruption and inefficiency in government – Napoleonic code: uniform set of laws that eliminated injustices • Limited freedom and promoted order and authority over individual rights Emperor Napoleon • 1804 – Coronation of Napoleon & Josephine • Goal: Conquer Europe • Bullies Prussia, Austria, and Russia to sign peace treaties • Creates largest empire since Roman empire Comprehension Check • 1. How did Napoleon come a hero in France? • 2. True or False: Napoleon was elected as President of France by the French people. • 3. True or False: Napoleon helped to better the French government. • 4. What was the set of uniform laws Napoleon created? • 5. (Bonus) Napoleon was born on what Mediterranean island? The French Revolution Napoleon’s Empire Collapses Costly Mistakes • Louisiana Purchase – Sold territory to U.S./no French presence in North America • Continental System: blockade of British ports – Goal: Choke GB (assert his power over Europe) • Peninsular War: Spanish & British attacked Napoleon’s troops – Weakened Napoleon’s army • Invasion of Russia: 1812 – Scorched Earth Policy – Lost a LARGE part of his Grand Army in his invasion of Russia – Defeated by Russia (embarrassment) Downfall of Napoleon • Prussia, Russia, Britain, Austria, and Sweden joined forces against Napoleon… – Napoleon’s army is defeated – Surrenders 1814 and exiled to ELBA • Tiny island off Italian coast (Not Elba, Alabama) • Is this the end of Napoleon? 100 Days – Last Ditch Effort • Louis XVIII – UNSUCCESSFUL & disliked king of France – Napoleon seizes power from the weak king, Louis XVIII • Napoleon comes back to Paris to regain throne – People and soldiers quickly support him • European allies respond with armies… Waterloo • British and Prussian armies defeat Napoleon’s army in the Battle of Waterloo • Napoleon is exiled to St. Helena – Island in South Atlantic – Lived 6 years on St. Helena until he died Congress of Vienna • After Napoleon was exiled (twice), the French “empire” was to be divided between European countries • “Five Great Powers” = Russia, Prussia, Austria, GB, and France met to balance power in Europe • Klemens von Metternich – leader of Congress Congress of Vienna • Goals: – Establish long-lasting peace & stability – Create balance of power of European countries • Results: – Prevention of French aggression by surrounding with strong countries – Restore power so that another European country could not take over another – Restore royal families to thrones – Congress of Vienna is a success…at least for a little while. Comprehension Check • 1. List one of the costly mistakes Napoleon made. • 2. True or False: Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo. • 3. What island was Napoleon exiled to—the first time? • 4. True or False: Napoleon did not try to retake the throne of France. • 5. True or False: The Congress of Vienna did not accomplish any of its goals.