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Before Napoleon
• By 1794, the Committee of
Public Safety had killed over
250,000 “disloyal” French
nobles, priests, and peasants.
• The CPS quickly lost support
because of their violent
nature during the Reign of
Terror.
• Most members of the CPS
were eventually killed by
other members.
The Thermidorian Reaction (1794-5)
• A group of moderates
known as the
Thermidorians arrested
the remaining CPS
members and executed
their leader, Robespierre.
• However, the
Thermidorians also
began to wildly execute
their enemies. This
period is known as the
“White Terror.”
1st VERSE
Arise children of the fatherland
day of glory has arrived
2ndThe
VERSE
us tyranny's
What doAgainst
they want
this horde of slaves
4th
VERSE
Bloody
standard
is
raised (x2)
Of traitors and conspiratorial
kings?
Tremble,
tyrants
and
traitors
Can you
hear
in chains
the fields
For whom
these
vile
The
shame
of all
men
The
howling
ofgood
these
fearsome
These
long-prepared
irons?
(x2)
Tremble! Yoursoldiers?
parricidal schemes
Frenchmen, for us, ah! What outrage
Will
finally
their our
justmidst
reward (x2)
They
are receive
coming
What
methods
mustinto
be taken?
Against
you,
a soldier,
Towe
cutthey
the everyone
throats
ofisyour
sons
It is
dare
plan
If they fall, ourconsorts!
young heros,
To return toand
the old slavery!
France will bear
new ones
REFRAIN
Ready toTo
join
the fight
against you!
arms,
citizens,
Form in battalions,
March, march!
Let impure blood
Water our furrows!
1795-1799: The Directory
Lizare Carnot was both a
Brilliant General and one of
the five Directors.
• What remained of the French
congress drafted a new
constitution in 1795,
establishing a new
government called the
Directory.
• The violence of the revolution
finally slowed down. Though
there were still minor riots
and attacks on the
government, these attacks
were put down by the
military.
1795-1799: The Directory
• The Directory was a
committee of five men called
“Directors.” Each man led the
government for one year.
• The Directory also had two
legislative councils – one of
elected officials and a council
of ancients.
• The Directory ruled for five
years, but struggling to
survive attacks from both
radicals and royalists.
The Rise of Napoleon
• France had sent its armies
across Europe and the
Middle East in the 1790’s to
free the world from kings.
• In 1795, Napoleon
Bonaparte saved the
Directory by killing a mob
with “… a whiff of
grapeshot” from his
cannons.
• From then to 1799,
Napoleon rose through the
French army and proved
himself a military genius.
Napoleon Bonaparte’s Background
• 1769: Born on the island of
Corsica to an aristocratic family.
• 1779-85: Schooled at a military
academy in France in his youth.
• 1785-93: Rapidly advanced
through the French army during
the Revolution as an artilleryman.
• 1793: Hero of the Battle of Toulon.
• 1795: Stationed in Paris where he
saved the Directory.
Letter to Father from School
Age 9
"My father, if you or my protectors cannot give me the
means of sustaining myself more honorably in the house where I
am, please let me return home as soon as possible. I am tired
of poverty and of the jeers of insolent scholars who are superior
to me only in their fortune, for there is not one among them who
feels one hundredth part of the noble sentiment which animates
me. Must your son, sir, continually be the butt of these boobies,
who, vain of the luxuries which they enjoy, insult me by their
laughter at the privations which I am forced to endure? No,
father, no! If fortune refuses to smile upon me, take me from
Brienne, and make me, if you will, a mechanic. From these
words you may judge of my despair. This letter, sir, please
believe, is not dictated by a vain desire to enjoy extravagant
amusements. I have no such wish. I feel simply that it is
necessary to show my companions that I can procure them as
well as they, if I wish to do so.”
"Your respectful and affectionate son, "Bonaparte."
From Military to Politics
• 1796: Revived the battered
French army in Italy and led
them to victory.
• 1798: Sent to Egypt and
Syria, where he won
heated battles, but his
army nonetheless suffered
in desert conditions.
• 1799: Ignored orders from
the Directory and returned
to France to join in the
Brumaire Coup over the
government.
The Brumaire Coup Ends the Revolution
• By 1799, the Directory
seemed to be falling
apart.
• Director Abbey Sieyès
decided to overthrow the
government with the help
of a general and form a
new government.
• Unfortunately for Sieyès,
he chose Napoleon to
help him.
The Consulate (1799-1804)
• After a decade of revolution, the French were
willing to accept less freedom in exchange for
a stable government.
• Napoleon replaced the Directory with a new
government called the Consulate and became
the First Consul – making him the head of the
military and the government.
• In short, Napoleon became a dictator in all
but name.
• Bonaparte’s popularity continued to soar
despite the fact that he had betrayed the
revolution and ended the French Republic.
Bonaparte’s Rise to Power
• Napoleon continued to put
fear in the monarchs of
Europe with his military
Le
victories.
Revolution
• In France, he quietly
eliminated his opponents
est fin!and
competitors. By 1801, fighting
within France had completely
ended. The French were at
peace with themselves for the
first time in 12 years.
• In 1802 he was voted “Consul
for Life” and in 1804 he
declared himself Emperor of
France.
• Bonaparte created a new set
of laws called Napoleonic
Code to return France to
peace. This code is still used
in some parts of Europe
today!
• Napoleon began the
Continental System, which
restricted trade outside
continental Europe and
badly hurt the British
economy.
• He then formed an alliance
with Austria by marrying the
Emperor’s daughter.
Napoleonic
Politics
The Coalitions
• It soon became apparent that
the rest of Europe was no
match for the French.
• Led by Great Britain, nations
such as Prussia, Russia,
Austria and Portugal formed
coalitions to fight the French
and restore a king to France
Napoleon fought and
destroyed six coalition armies
over 11 years in Italy (1796),
Egypt (1798), Switzerland
(1802), Austria (1804), Prussia
(1806) and Spain (1807).
The Empire
• At his most
powerful in
1812, Napoleon
had direct or
indirect control
over all of
Europe except
the Balkans,
Portugal,
Sweden and Great Britain. He used puppet states as
launching pads for new attacks and for recruiting new
soldiers.
How did he Dominate his Enemies?
• The French had already made great military
developments before Napoleon came along.
• They created the Division – A military force
with cavalry, artillery and infantry.
• The Republic had also ordered a Levee en
masse to make sure that every French person
helped in the war effort. This led the French
army to grow to 600,000 soldiers.
• The French army also used a maneuver called
Ordre de Mixte to shift quickly from
marching in a column fighting in a row.
Napoleon’s Key Developments
• Napoleon reorganized his divisions
to make them even more effective.
His military academies promoted
the most intelligent officers and he
brought a general staff with him to
help plan his battles.
• Napoleon had his troops eat on the
run instead of carrying extra weight
that would slow the army.
• Finally, he was a brilliant strategist
that could quickly analyze
battlefields. He had a magnetic
personality and his soldiers were
absolutely loyal to him.
Napoleonic Developments
• First man to
popularize the
sideways hat.
La Surge de le Centre
• First Napoleon concentrated artillery
near the center of the enemy line to
divide it.
• Ex: Austerlitz
The Pinning Force
• Once divided, he left a division to pin the
smaller body of the enemy’s forces away from
the rest. This allowed the greater part of his
military to overpower the main army of the
enemy.
Maneuvre Sur Le Derriere
• The ultimate goal of Napoleon’s Military; to
completely surround the enemy and force a
surrender or slaughter.
• Ex: Jena-Alstadt
Clean Up
• Having defeated the main army, Napoleon’s
main force hurried to relieve the pinning force
and finish off the enemy.
• Europe finally began to
learn its lesson and adopt
Napoleon’s methods after
1810.
• The Duke of Wellington, a
British general, led a long
resistance against the
French in Spain that killed
many of Napoleon’s best
soldiers.
• Finally, Napoleon craved
more territory and power,
he could not bring himself
to stop fighting.
What Went
Wrong
The Russian Campaign Brings Defeat
• Bonaparte sent his grand army to
conquer Russia; the French
captured and burned Moscow in the
1812, but were forced to retreat
when a deadly winter set in.
• Defeated at Leipzig during his
retreat, Napoleon was captured and
exiled to the Italian island of Elba.
• Napoleon escaped back to France in
1815 for 100 days, but was defeated
at Waterloo by coalition forces.
• He died of stomach complications
on St. Helena years later.
The Congress of Vienna (1815)
• With Napoleon defeated, the rulers of
Europe met and made agreements to
return the continent to its old ways.
– Germany was kept divided.
– The French Empire was broken up and
Louis XVI’s brother became the new King
of France.
– Land was spread among countries, but a
balance of power was attempted to
prevent devastating wars in the future.
Exit Slip
List as many similarities as you can
between the American and French
Revolutions.
List as many differences as you can
between the American and French
Revolutions.
Why do you think that the American and
the French Revolutions ended with such
different results?
Resources
• Pictures:
– Opening slide: http://keizai.yokkaichiu.ac.jp/~lee/seiyo_keizai_shi_image/french_revolution/06
_french_revolution.jpg
– Bowling Cartoon:
http://eklektik2.free.fr/jeu%20de%20guillotine.jpg
– Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
www.alaskacoinexchange.com/Stamps%205%20Up/45c%2
0French%20Revolution.jpg
– Tennis Court Oath
http://college.hmco.com/history/west/mosaic/chapter12/i
mages/tennis_court_oath.jpg
Resources Continued
• Pictures:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Causes: http://flatrock.org.nz/topics/history/assets/french_revolution.gif
Sieyes: www.harvardmagazine.com/lib/03ma/images/w-david-sieyes.jpg
Richelieu: www.wga.hu/art/c/champaig/richeli.jpg
Louis XVI: www.wga.hu/art/c/callet/louis_16.jpg
Louis XIV: www.visitvoltaire.com/images/louis14aftrigaud_16381715lrg36k.jpg
The Marquis De Lafayette:
www.pbs.org/wnet/historyofus/web02/images/img_intro.jpg
Louis XV: www.visitvoltaire.com/images/louis15by_de_la_tour1748.jpg
Mirabeau:
Http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/aids/C0770/ex30.jpg
Louis at Varennes: www.chd.univrennes1.fr/Icono/Pelletan/03%20Louis%2016%20a%20Varennes%20p%20
012.jpg
Resources Continued
• Country Revolt: http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com-/wiki/images/thumb/c/c2/350px-Taking_of_the_Bastille.jpg
• Leopold: www.answers.com/topic/leopold-ii-holy-roman-e...
• Execution: academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/.../portrait.htm
•
Robespierre: academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/.../portrait.htm
• Guillotine: http://www.walledlake.k12.mi.us/wlchs/teachers/Samal/
whist/student/guillotine.jpg
• Carnot: http://www.napoleon-series.org/images/research/frenchgenerals/carnot.JPG
• Napoleon: http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/napoleon/fotos/napoleon_emperador.jpg
• Map: www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/empires/images/0065.jpg
• Louis XVIII: http://www.noosfere.net/Ligny/louisXVIII.jpg
Resources
• Pictures:
– “Napoleon Crossing the Alps”, David. From
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/core/pics/0253/img0048.jpg
– Emporer Napoleon from http://www.biografiasyvidas.com
– Napoleon Caricature:
www.opdebeeck.com/afbeeldingen/karikatuurschetsen/large/napoleon.jpg
– Young Napoleon from: http://hsci.cas.ou.edu/images/jpg-100dpi10in/18thCentury/Napoleon/Portraits/Napoleon-Young.jpg
– Napoleon on Campaign: http://www.directart.co.uk/mall/images/dhm056.jpg
– Napoleon in Egypt: www.fineartchina.com/admin/images/Jean%20Leon%20Gerome28.jpg
– Roman Napoleon: www.aoc.gov/images/napoleon.jpg
– Coronation: www.suevematsu.com/napoleon1.jpg
– Map: www.theotherside.co.uk/tm-heritage/images/map-nap-war1812.gif
– Map 2: www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/empires/images/0065.jpg
• Music:
– The Marseilles, from http://www.marseillaise.org/english/audio.html
• Letter:
– To Father: http://history-world.org/Napoleon.htm