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Napoleon: Hero? or Tyrant? Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) came from a family of lower nobility but was sympathetic to the ideals of the French Revolution. E. Napp Napoleon’s Rise to Power Napoleon Bonaparte ambitiously rose from army captain to ruler of France by taking advantage of the turmoil of the French Revolution. Opportunities for Glory • Napoleon, brilliant military leader • In charge of French interior at 26 • Invaded Italy and Egypt • Defeat by Admiral Horatio Nelson kept from newspapers • Became national hero Napoleon Seizes Power • Directory weak and ineffective • Fear of royalists and of European opposition • November 1799 coup d’état • France to be led by Consulate • Napoleon voted first consul, in effect a dictator for life Napoleon promised order and stability, pledging to uphold key reforms. The French gave up some freedoms for peace and prosperity. Emperor Napoleon Napoleon crowns himself ◦ Submitted a plebiscite (VOTE) before voters ◦ Emperor Napoleon I Desire for empire ◦ Wanted to rule Europe ◦ Napoleon sold Louisiana Territory and turned his focus to Europe Image is Everything Napoleon’s Policies Napoleon made some basic revolutionary ideas part of the French government. • Napoleonic Code or Civil Economic Reforms Code developed • Established the • Preserved revolution ideas Bank of France to of equality for all but at regulate economy the cost of freedom • More efficient • Positions in the tax-collection government and military system based on merit, not birth Napoleon & the Church First made Peace with Catholic Church Catholicism was made the religion of France, In return, the Pope would not ask for a return of the property sized in the Revolution Everyone Wins Napoleonic Wars • Napoleon quickly defeated Russia, Germany, Sweden, & Prussia • Controlled almost all of Europe and put Family members in positions of Power • Great Britain had a dominant navy allowed it to be a thorn in Napoleon’s side Napoleon’s ambition united Europe against him. In 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia with an army of half a million men. The Russians burned their own crops and buildings as they retreated, depriving the invaders of food and shelter. E. Napp By the time Napoleon reached Moscow, he found the city in ruins, set on fire by the Russians. E. Napp In bitter winter weather, Napoleon’s army retreated. Less than one in ten men survived the homeward march. E. Napp End of Napoleon Spread of Nationalism: idea of a central identity Invasion of Russia a disaster and left France weak and venerable Final defeat by Duke of Wellington at Waterloo