Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 16.
Transcript
The West and the World CHAPTER 17 What are consequences of… Voyages of Columbus Exploration of Europeans Empires built by European conquerors/ missionaries FURTHER CONSEQUENCES… Power shift Redefinition of interchange Patterns of diffusion Classical – developing regional economies/cultures in the Medit./China External conflicts existed, but not that important Postclassical Era – contacts increase Missionary religions spread Interregional trade key component of economies – between continents ***dominated trade – Muslims then Mongols PATTERNS OF DIFFUSION CONT. 1450-1750 – Eve of the Early Modern Period New areas of world brought into global community Americas Sub-Saharan Africa Japan and Polynesia Rate of global trade increased – Southeast Asia Relationships between groups changed power structure Europe dominated trade Changes within Europe Parts of world become dependent on Europe Used New World goods to pay for Old World luxury items Americas > Silver > China 30% of world’s food comes from Americas – potato, corn THE WEST’S FIRST OUTREACH: MARITIME POWER Western nations unprecedented mastery of oceans Spain, Portugal > Britain, Holland, France Who pushes trade? Princes, clergy, merchants Muslims – superior economy, goods European nobility used to luxury goods New Technology What were Europe’s disadvantages? Ignorant of world – earth flat? Indigenous warriors Fear of Ottoman Empire Lack of gold to fund Limited distance of small, oar-propelled ships What were the key technological innovations that helped with trade? deep ships able to carry a lot of armaments/weapons compass mapmaking explosives adapted to gunnery Metallurgy adapted Chinese invention Europe has unprecedented advantage on sea Portugal and Spain Lead the Pack Why Portugal? Western geographic location Excitement of discovery Could harm Muslim world Could get really rich Henry the Navigator – 1434 – African Coast 1488 – Around Cape of Good Hope 1498 – Vasco de Gama Threatened by Spain – Columbus 1492 Four ships + Hindi pilot from Africa > India Brought iron pots, gold for spices Portuguese then hit Brazil, Africa, India, China, Japan Why Spain? Recently freed from Muslim rule Missionary zeal Desire for riches 1492 – Columbus – India/Indies – earth round Mistaken Americas > “Indians” Amerigo Vespucci – realized New World 1521 Magellan rounds Southern tip – heads to Indonesia 16th century – Spanish sent military force to back up American claims NORTHERN EUROPEAN EXPEDITIONS •End of 16th century – Holland, France, England join game – why? • Strong, wealthy monarchies • Zealous Protestants want to rival Catholics • Spain/Portugal become complacent • N. Europe lighter, faster ships – 1588 Spanish Armada defeated – shift in power SPAIN/PORTUGAL ALREADY CONTROLLED S. AMERICA N. European focused on N. America Interest in Americas Market for English woolens Fish French trappers Northwest passage – Hudson 4. Creation of trading companies Dutch freed from Spain – Holland begins exploring Pushed Portuguese from Indonesia S. Africa as relay station Dutch East India Company/British East India Company Government monopolies of all commerce Not supervised Raise armies/coin money Essentially more powerful than independent governments Dutch ruled Taiwan British ruled India Dutch freed from Spain – Holland begins exploring Pushed Portuguese from Indonesia S. Africa as relay station Creation of trading companies Dutch East India Company/British East India Company Government monopolies of all commerce Not supervised Raise armies/coin money Essentially more powerful than independent governments What Dutch ruled Taiwan British ruled India were negatives of travel? Tiring, uncertain future TOWARD A WORLD ECONOMY The “Columbian Exchange” of Disease and Food Spread disease Native Americans – no natural immunities to smallpox/measles 50-80% casualties over 150 years Wiped out earlier civilizations Made possible for heavy European colonization Crops Corn/sweet potatoes to China Animal + new agricultural technology > population increases 17th century has population pressure 18th century – Europe major population change husbandry Horses and cattle to New World – yeayyy…beasts of burden THE WEST’S COMMERCIAL OUTREACH What was European effect on existing traders? Did not totally displace Replaced some interregional traders Muslims controlled Africa India > S. East Asia – think Malacca European controlled ports Contacts with overland traders Access to inland goods 2. Indirect control set up – Western traders get special rights Western merchants allowed freedom in foreign cities Nagasaki, St. Petersburg, Constantinople Supplemented regional economies IMBALANCES IN WORLD TRADE Most active competition between Europe – see any global context – wars to come? Spain failed – bad banking system England, France, Holland – merchants already strong – core nations What was the effect on these countries? Pushed manufacturing, new markets for goods Created mercantilism – nation-state must only trade with core nation Stiff tariff (aka import tax) policies discouraged colonial mfg OUTSIDE EUROPE, SOME REGIONS BECAME DEPENDENT, SUBSERVIENT What goods did these regions offer? Low cost goods – metals, cash crops – sugar, spice, tobacco, cotton Human labor – sub-Saharan Africa supplies slaves Exchanged for mfg. goods > guns, alcohol A System of International Inequality Global context – dependent nations then are the dependent nations today Don’t exaggerate core-dependent system Some regional princes/local leaders got rich also Some not involved – local peasants aren’t touched by global econ. But…what were the negatives? Significant minorities fueling system Latin/African merchants don’t control rules of trade Wealth doesn’t stimulate local economies – mfg. not encouraged ** Forced to rely on imports, don’t become self-sufficient 4. Coercive labor systems spread System only survives with cheap labor Importation of African slaves to Americas Encomienda system – estate agriculture – forces peasants HOW MUCH WORLD IN THE WORLD ECONOMY? Those not in global economy don’t grow as fast – why? Don’t have huge profits of European core nations Technologies don’t change as rapidly China – benefited, but participated on small scale Refused to embrace all of Europe’s new technologies – firearms Limited trade through Macao – which country controlled Macao? So…bad, didn’t develop as fast, but good…didn’t become subservient CHINESE MFG. OF LUXURY GOODS ENOUGH TO KEEP PACE What…China manufactures goods? Really? I’ve never seen anything that says Made in China Europeans loved Chinese goods – porcelain plates > China Japan – initially open to Western missionaries, gunnery, shipping Feudal wars interested in guns But…guns kept out Threat on samurai military dominance Warring lords – balance of power would be destroyed Made guns locally then… Totally cut off trade, isolated for 17th to 19th century – Meiji Restoration Only Nagasaki – Dutch port – kind of like Macao India – Mughal Empire – 16th century Encouraged small port colonies from Europeans But…India focused mostly internally Ottoman/Safavid Empires Focused internally Few European enclaves in key cities Russia Remains agricultural Trades with nomadic peoples Africa Aside from sub-Sarahan slave regions, mostly ignored THE EXPANSIONIST TREND First phase of dependent countries – S. America, W. Indies, N. America, W. Africa Second phase – Southeast Asia Third phase – India, Mughal Empire British/French East India Companies controlled more of economy/admin British passed high tariffs, stop import of cotton Goal – India market for British goods Source of gold income India’s position gradually worsened, mfg. started to stall Third phase – Eastern Europe Growing western cities needed Eastern grain Serfs on large Polish, Prussian, Russian estates Like encomienda system, but European gov’ts stronger than Americ IV. COLONIAL EXPANSION The Americas: Loosely Controlled Colonies Why was colonization of Americas possible? Superior horses, guns, iron weapons Population losses of Indians Political disorder What Adventurous, violent, treacherous, unscrupulous, money hungry Vasco de Balboa – first colony on mainland – Panama Francisco Pizarro – defeated Incas What type of men led expeditions? were the characteristics of colonies? gold-hungry loosely controlled by colonial govts back in Europe Initially, natives allowed to exist, if they paid tribute Administration/rule became more formalized Expanse of agriculture Missionary efforts BRITISH AND FRENCH NORTH AMERICA: BACKWATER COLONIES Types of early British colonies Religious Calvinist refugees – New England Huge land grants to people of influence – William Penn French colonies in Canada Originally to be manors New France – Quebec Strong role of Catholic church British take control of Canada in 17 4 after Seven Years War French and Indian War if you’re studying US History N. AMERICA NOT AS VALUABLE AS W. INDIES, ASIAN COLONIES, L. AMERICA Important – this allowed US manufacturing to develop on own US South looked like L. America – big estates + slaves Wealthy planter class wants European luxury goods Foundation of self-governing – “civil society” Little new art, part of Europe Economy developed under salutary neglect Merchant class started, had something to lose Annoyed at tax hikes meant to pay for Seven Years War Ease of displacing Indians Ran own assemblies Church as center of organization Consumers of Enlightened thinkers – Joh Locke Few, no large empires Not agriculture based, easy to displace Disease Did not combine with natives like in L. America Slaves – by 18th century – 23% of English colonies slave North America and Western Civilization To what extent was European culture reproduced in America? Family patterns similar, but… Married younger, larger families < more land (cause) Focus on nuclear family Child-centeredness of American families – need labor to survive Africa and Asia: Coastal Trading Stations Not colonizing Africa, content to have fortresses on coast Why not colonize? Climate, disease, non-navigable rivers European impact locations Angola – Portugese go inland for slaves, disrupts society Cape Colony – S. Africa – Dutch stop Boer (farmers) spread out After 1770, battle became for who would control – Boer/Indigenous Philippines – Spain – missionary zeal Indonesia, Taiwan – Dutch Fall of India Mughal Empire weakening 17th century British/French forts all over coasts Centralized gov’t fails, move to regional leaders Why does Britain beat France for control of India? Seven Years War – 1756 – catalyst 120 deaths of English prisoners Station at Calcutta – base for income gathering British gov’t listens closely to British East India Trading Co. Superior navy – communication Less focused on missionary work – tolerant of Hindi customs Allied selves with regional leaders, same as in Americas British controlled, but Mughal Empire still existed Pattern – Colonial administrations push for economic advantage Open country to markets Restrict from buying own goods Commercial production of cheap foods/raw materials Impact on Western Europe Economically – pushed further industrial revolution World trade, African slave trade Brought in wealth, capital to be reinvested Reduced dependence on agriculture Additional tax revenues for governments Militaries grew with larger tax revenues Political – colonial rivalries create national conflict in Europe Seven Years’ War – British/France in Europe, India, N. America First world war Food Sugar now consumed by lower classes as well Set precedent for Europeans – quick satisfaction, easy pleasure IMPACT OF A NEW WORLD ORDER Unfree labor systems Slavery, serfdom affected E. Europe, L. America, W. Africa New foods, societies could now survive, prosper Individual merchants, landowners status improved China prospered from silver income, lost from population rise GLOBAL CONNECTIONS Europe’s economy, military, government changed Reactions to Europe’s rise Sit back and watch passively in awe Consciously isolate self Retained vibrant internal colonies Blended European ideas with local customs Religion in S. America Distinct art forms
