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The West and the
World
CHAPTER 17
What are consequences of…
Voyages
of
Columbus
Exploration
of Europeans
Empires built
by European
conquerors/
missionaries
FURTHER
CONSEQUENCES…
Power
shift
Redefinition
of
interchange
Patterns of diffusion

Classical – developing regional
economies/cultures in the Medit./China


External conflicts existed, but not that important
Postclassical Era – contacts increase
Missionary religions spread
 Interregional trade key component of economies – between
continents

***dominated trade – Muslims then Mongols
PATTERNS OF DIFFUSION CONT.

1450-1750 – Eve of the Early Modern Period

New areas of world brought into global community



Americas
Sub-Saharan Africa
Japan and Polynesia
 Rate
of global trade increased – Southeast Asia
 Relationships between groups changed power structure

Europe dominated trade




Changes within Europe
Parts of world become dependent on Europe
Used New World goods to pay for Old World luxury items
 Americas > Silver > China
30% of world’s food comes from Americas – potato, corn
THE WEST’S FIRST OUTREACH: MARITIME POWER
Western
nations unprecedented mastery of
oceans
Spain, Portugal > Britain, Holland, France
Who pushes trade? Princes, clergy, merchants
Muslims – superior economy, goods
 European nobility used to luxury goods
New Technology
What were Europe’s
disadvantages?






Ignorant of world – earth
flat?
Indigenous warriors
Fear of Ottoman Empire
Lack of gold to fund
Limited distance of small,
oar-propelled ships
What were the key
technological
innovations that helped
with trade?




deep ships able to carry a
lot of
armaments/weapons
compass
mapmaking
explosives adapted to
gunnery


Metallurgy adapted
Chinese invention
Europe has
unprecedented advantage
on sea
Portugal and Spain Lead the Pack

Why Portugal?
 Western geographic location
 Excitement of discovery
 Could harm Muslim world
 Could get really rich
 Henry the Navigator – 1434 – African Coast
 1488 – Around Cape of Good Hope
 1498 – Vasco de Gama
 Threatened by Spain – Columbus 1492
 Four ships + Hindi pilot from Africa > India
 Brought iron pots, gold for spices

Portuguese then hit Brazil, Africa, India, China, Japan

Why Spain?




Recently freed from
Muslim rule
Missionary zeal
Desire for riches
1492 – Columbus –
India/Indies – earth round




Mistaken Americas >
“Indians”
Amerigo Vespucci –
realized New World
1521 Magellan rounds
Southern tip – heads to
Indonesia
16th century – Spanish
sent military force to back
up American claims
NORTHERN EUROPEAN
EXPEDITIONS
•End of 16th century –
Holland, France, England join
game – why?
• Strong, wealthy
monarchies
• Zealous Protestants
want
to rival Catholics
• Spain/Portugal become
complacent
• N. Europe lighter, faster
ships – 1588 Spanish
Armada defeated –
shift in power
SPAIN/PORTUGAL ALREADY CONTROLLED S.
AMERICA

N. European focused on N.
America

Interest in Americas





Market for English woolens
Fish
French trappers
Northwest passage –
Hudson

4. Creation of trading
companies


Dutch freed from Spain –
Holland begins exploring

Pushed Portuguese from
Indonesia
S. Africa as relay station




Dutch East India
Company/British East India
Company
Government monopolies of
all commerce
Not supervised
Raise armies/coin money
Essentially more powerful
than independent
governments


Dutch ruled Taiwan
British ruled India
 Dutch
freed from Spain – Holland begins exploring
Pushed Portuguese from Indonesia
 S. Africa as relay station

 Creation
of trading companies
Dutch East India Company/British East India Company
 Government monopolies of all commerce
 Not supervised
 Raise armies/coin money
 Essentially more powerful than independent governments

 What


Dutch ruled Taiwan

British ruled India
were negatives of travel?
Tiring, uncertain future
TOWARD A WORLD ECONOMY

The “Columbian Exchange” of Disease and Food
 Spread

disease
Native Americans – no natural immunities to
smallpox/measles



50-80% casualties over 150 years
Wiped out earlier civilizations
Made possible for heavy European colonization
 Crops

Corn/sweet potatoes to China



 Animal

+ new agricultural technology > population increases
17th century has population pressure
18th century – Europe major population change
husbandry
Horses and cattle to New World – yeayyy…beasts of burden
THE WEST’S COMMERCIAL OUTREACH
 What

was European effect on existing traders?
Did not totally displace



Replaced some interregional traders


Muslims controlled
Africa
India > S. East Asia – think Malacca
European controlled ports

Contacts with overland traders
 Access
to inland goods 2. Indirect control set up – Western
traders get special rights

Western merchants allowed freedom in foreign cities


Nagasaki, St. Petersburg, Constantinople
Supplemented regional economies
IMBALANCES IN WORLD TRADE
 Most
active competition between Europe – see any
global context – wars to come?
 Spain failed – bad banking system
 England, France, Holland – merchants already strong –
core nations

What was the effect on these countries?

Pushed manufacturing, new markets for goods

Created mercantilism – nation-state must only trade with core
nation

Stiff tariff (aka import tax) policies discouraged colonial mfg
OUTSIDE EUROPE, SOME REGIONS BECAME
DEPENDENT, SUBSERVIENT

What goods did these regions offer?

Low cost goods – metals, cash crops – sugar, spice, tobacco,
cotton

Human labor – sub-Saharan Africa supplies slaves

Exchanged for mfg. goods > guns, alcohol
A System of International Inequality
 Global
context – dependent nations then are the dependent
nations today

Don’t exaggerate core-dependent system



Some regional princes/local leaders got rich also
Some not involved – local peasants aren’t touched by global econ.
But…what were the negatives?




Significant minorities fueling system
Latin/African merchants don’t control rules of trade
Wealth doesn’t stimulate local economies – mfg. not encouraged **
 Forced to rely on imports, don’t become self-sufficient
4. Coercive labor systems spread
 System only survives with cheap labor
 Importation of African slaves to Americas
 Encomienda system – estate agriculture – forces peasants
HOW MUCH WORLD IN THE WORLD ECONOMY?
 Those
not in global economy don’t grow as fast – why?
Don’t have huge profits of European core nations
 Technologies don’t change as rapidly

 China
– benefited, but participated on small scale
Refused to embrace all of Europe’s new technologies – firearms
 Limited trade through Macao – which country controlled
Macao?
 So…bad, didn’t develop as fast, but good…didn’t become
subservient

CHINESE MFG. OF LUXURY GOODS ENOUGH TO KEEP PACE



What…China manufactures goods? Really? I’ve never seen
anything that says Made in China
Europeans loved Chinese goods – porcelain plates > China
Japan – initially open to Western missionaries, gunnery,
shipping
Feudal wars interested in guns
 But…guns kept out




Threat on samurai military dominance
Warring lords – balance of power would be destroyed
Made guns locally then…
Totally cut off trade, isolated for 17th to 19th century – Meiji
Restoration
 Only Nagasaki – Dutch port – kind of like Macao

 India
– Mughal Empire – 16th century
 Encouraged
small port colonies from Europeans
 But…India focused mostly internally
 Ottoman/Safavid
Empires
 Focused
internally
 Few European enclaves in key cities
 Russia
 Remains
agricultural
 Trades with nomadic peoples
 Africa
 Aside
from sub-Sarahan slave regions, mostly ignored
THE EXPANSIONIST TREND



First phase of dependent countries – S. America, W. Indies, N.
America, W. Africa
Second phase – Southeast Asia
Third phase – India, Mughal Empire


British/French East India Companies controlled more of economy/admin
British passed high tariffs, stop import of cotton




Goal – India market for British goods
Source of gold income
India’s position gradually worsened, mfg. started to stall
Third phase – Eastern Europe


Growing western cities needed Eastern grain
Serfs on large Polish, Prussian, Russian estates

Like encomienda system, but European gov’ts stronger than Americ
IV. COLONIAL EXPANSION

The Americas: Loosely Controlled Colonies
 Why



was colonization of Americas possible?
Superior horses, guns, iron weapons
Population losses of Indians
Political disorder
 What



Adventurous, violent, treacherous, unscrupulous, money
hungry
Vasco de Balboa – first colony on mainland – Panama
Francisco Pizarro – defeated Incas
 What




type of men led expeditions?
were the characteristics of colonies?
gold-hungry
loosely controlled by colonial govts back in Europe
Initially, natives allowed to exist, if they paid tribute
Administration/rule became more formalized


Expanse of agriculture
Missionary efforts
BRITISH AND FRENCH NORTH AMERICA:
BACKWATER COLONIES
 Types
of early British colonies
Religious Calvinist refugees – New England
 Huge land grants to people of influence – William Penn

 French
colonies in Canada
Originally to be manors
 New France – Quebec


Strong role of Catholic church
British take control of Canada in 17
 4 after Seven Years War


French and Indian War if you’re studying US History
N. AMERICA NOT AS VALUABLE AS W. INDIES, ASIAN COLONIES, L. AMERICA

Important – this allowed US manufacturing to develop on own

US South looked like L. America – big estates + slaves


Wealthy planter class wants European luxury goods
Foundation of self-governing – “civil society”





Little new art, part of Europe
Economy developed under salutary neglect



Merchant class started, had something to lose
Annoyed at tax hikes meant to pay for Seven Years War
Ease of displacing Indians





Ran own assemblies
Church as center of organization
Consumers of Enlightened thinkers – Joh Locke
Few, no large empires
Not agriculture based, easy to displace
Disease
Did not combine with natives like in L. America
Slaves – by 18th century – 23% of English colonies slave

North America and Western Civilization

To what extent was European culture reproduced in America?

Family patterns similar, but…




Married younger, larger families < more land (cause)
Focus on nuclear family
Child-centeredness of American families – need labor to survive
Africa and Asia: Coastal Trading Stations

Not colonizing Africa, content to have fortresses on coast


Why not colonize? Climate, disease, non-navigable rivers
European impact locations


Angola – Portugese go inland for slaves, disrupts society
Cape Colony – S. Africa – Dutch stop




Boer (farmers) spread out
After 1770, battle became for who would control – Boer/Indigenous
Philippines – Spain – missionary zeal
Indonesia, Taiwan – Dutch

Fall of India




Mughal Empire weakening 17th century
British/French forts all over coasts
Centralized gov’t fails, move to regional leaders
Why does Britain beat France for control of India?





Seven Years War – 1756 – catalyst 120 deaths of English prisoners



Station at Calcutta – base for income gathering
British gov’t listens closely to British East India Trading Co.
Superior navy – communication
Less focused on missionary work – tolerant of Hindi customs
Allied selves with regional leaders, same as in Americas
British controlled, but Mughal Empire still existed
Pattern – Colonial administrations push for economic advantage



Open country to markets
Restrict from buying own goods
Commercial production of cheap foods/raw materials
Impact on Western Europe

Economically – pushed further industrial revolution






World trade, African slave trade
Brought in wealth, capital to be reinvested
Reduced dependence on agriculture
Additional tax revenues for governments
Militaries grew with larger tax revenues
Political – colonial rivalries create national conflict in Europe

Seven Years’ War – British/France in Europe, India, N. America


First world war
Food

Sugar now consumed by lower classes as well

Set precedent for Europeans – quick satisfaction, easy pleasure
IMPACT OF A NEW WORLD ORDER

Unfree labor systems
Slavery, serfdom affected
 E. Europe, L. America, W. Africa

 New
foods, societies could now survive, prosper
 Individual merchants, landowners status improved
 China prospered from silver income, lost from population
rise
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS
 Europe’s
economy, military, government changed
 Reactions to Europe’s rise
 Sit
back and watch passively in awe
 Consciously isolate self
 Retained vibrant internal colonies
 Blended European ideas with local customs
Religion in S. America
 Distinct art forms
