Download U.S. History Chapter 18 Notes America Claims an Empire

U.S. History Chapter 18 Notes
America Claims an Empire
Global competition prompts the United States to
expand its influence and territory engage
in conflicts around the globe, and build the
Panama Canal.
Section 1
Imperialism and America
Beginning in 1867 and continuing through
the century, global competition causes the
United States to expand
American Expansion
• Imperialism - the policy in which stronger nations extend
their economic, political, and military control over weaker
territories.
•
-This was already a trend around the world. Europe had recently taken
over most of the world.
- Nationalism – putting one’s nation above all else. Pride in
one’s country is important. Putting the nation’s interest first in
dealings with other countries.
U.S. united again following Civil War
- People wanted to be a world power
- Needed colonies to be one
The West carves up the Rest
(World Map in 1900)
Closing the American Frontier
U.S Oversees Possessions (1880s-1914)
America as a Pacific Power
U. S. Interventions in
Latin America: 1898-1920s
Reasons for American Expansion
• *Alfred T. Mahan- as an
admiral in the Navy, he
urged the government
to build American naval
power in order to
compete with other
powerful nations.
• -The US Navy would
soon become the 3rd
largest in the world.
3 factors fueled new American imperialism:
1. The desire for military strength.
• 1906 - Fleet of 16 U.S.
battleships sail around
the world
• Showed the world that
the U.S. was a power to
be reckoned with
• Important step in
expanding America's
international interest
• The Great White Fleet
3 factors fueled new American imperialism:
2. The thirst for new markets.
• Foreign Markets: new customers for U.S.
goods
• Overproduction: U.S. farms and factories
produced more than U.S. customers could
buy.
Raw Materials: U.S. factories need more
natural supplies than could be obtained in the
U.S.
Commercial/Business Interests
American Foreign Trade:
1870-1914
Commercial/Business Interests
U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908
3 factors fueled new American imperialism:
3. The belief in cultural superiority.
• New ideas - Charles Darwin
- survival of the fittest
- Social Darwinism Americans believed that
their society was superior
and would spread
throughout the world
• People argued the U.S. had
duty to Christianize or
civilize “inferior peoples”
- Also used to support
racism
Social Darwinist Thinking
The Hierarchy
of Race
The White Man’s
Burden
The Cares of a Growing Family
Constable of the World
- Foreign trade was see as the solution to
American overproduction, unemployment, &
economic depression
The US Acquires Alaska
• William Seward – Served as
Secretary of State under
Lincoln & Johnson
• *William Seward- arranged
for the US to buy Alaska
from Russia for $7.2 million.
• -In 1959, Alaska became the
49th state. It turned out to
be a great buy, which was
full of resources.
• -At the time, Alaska was
known as “Seward’s Icebox.”
The US Takes Hawaii
• -Hawaii was important to the
United States because it was a
stopping point on the way to
China and East India.
• -In 1887 the US established a
naval base at Pearl Harbor, which
was used as a fueling station.
• -By 1900, foreigners and
immigrant laborers outnumbered
natives 3 to 1.
• -Hawaii was a major source of
sugar for the US.
The US Takes Hawaii
• -The McKinley Tariff of 1890
provoked a crisis by
eliminating the duty-free
status of Hawaiian sugar. As a result, Hawaiian sugar
growers faced competition
in the American market.
• -American planters in
Hawaii called for the US to
annex the islands so they
wouldn't have to pay the
duty.
King Kalakaua
The US Takes Hawaii
• 1891 - Queen Liliuokalani
came to power
- She wanted to regain
control of the island
- Tried to remove
landowning requirement
• Planters called the U.S.
government for help
• Hawaii was valuable
refueling station
• U.S. sent marines
- Marines and planters
overthrew Queen
The US Takes Hawaii
• *Queen Liliuokalanisurrendered to the superior
force of the US and the
white foreigners who
planned to overthrow her.
• -The US set up a
government headed by
*Sanford B. Dole.
• -In August 1898 Congress
proclaimed Hawaii as an
American territory.
• -In 1959 Hawaii became the
50th state.
The US Takes Hawaii
• Before Hawaii joined the
U.S. it set up an
independent republic
- Sanford Dole named
president
• Hawaii asked to be annexed
by the U.S.
- Grover Cleveland didn't
want to annex it
- President Cleveland
cannot make Dole
surrender power to queen
- recognized Republic of
Hawaii
Sanford Dole heads a REAL
Banana Republic
Section 2
The Spanish-American
War
In 1898, the United States goes to
war to help Cuba win its
independence from Spain.
Rebellion against Spain
• Spain's empire was
crumbling
- Had once controlled
most of the Americas
- Late 1800's - Spain
had only a few colonies
• Cuba, Puerto Rico, and
Philippines began
wanting independence
Rebellion against Spain
• -The US had long held
an interest in Cuba,
which lies only 90 miles
south of Florida. (Sugar)
• -While President Pierce
was in office he offered
to buy Cuba from Spain.
The Spanish responded
by saying that they
would rather see Cuba
sink in the ocean.
Rebellion against Spain
• -When the Cubans
rebelled against Spain,
between 1868 in 1878,
American sympathies
went out to the Cuban
people.
• -Anti-Spanish sentiment
in Cuba soon erupted
into a second war for
independence.
Rebellion against Spain
• *José Marti- a Cuban poet
and journalist in exile in
New York launched a
revolution in 1895. He
organized Cuban resistance
against Spain, using an
active guerrilla campaign
and deliberately destroying
property, especially
American owned sugar mills
and plantations. This was
all in an effort to get
America involved in freeing
Cuba.
War Fever Escalates
• -In 1896, Spain
responded to the Cuban
revolt by sending
*General Valeriano
Weyler- to Cuba to
restore order.
• Used concentration
camps to stop locals
from aiding rebels.
• U.S. press names him
the “Butcher of
Havana”
Valeriano Weyler’s
“Reconcentration” Policy
Rebellion against Spain
• Two papers fighting for
customers (circulation war)
- The World owned by
Joseph Pulitzer
- Journal owned by William
Randolph Hearst
*Yellow Journalismexaggerates the news to
lure and enrage readers.
(William Randolph Hearst
and Joseph Pulitzer)
“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington:
You furnish the pictures,
and I’ll furnish the war!
William Randolph Hearst
The De Lome Letter
• -In February 1898, the New York Journal
published a private letter written by Enrique
Dupuy De Lome, the Spanish minister to the
United States.
• -A Cuban rebel had stolen the letter from a
Havana post office and leaked it to the
newspaper, which was thirsty for a scandal.
• -The letter criticized President McKinley, calling
him “weak” and “a bidder for the admiration of
the crowd.”
• -Americans were angry over the insult to their
president.
The USS Maine Explodes
(Feb 1898)
• -A few days after the De Lome letter, an American ship blew up
in the harbor of Havana. More than 260 men were killed.
• -President McKinley had ordered the USS Maine to Cuba to bring
home American citizens in danger from the fighting, and to
protect American property.
• -At the time, no one really knew why the ship exploded;
however, American newspapers claimed that the Spanish had
blown up the ship.
War with Spain Erupts
• -War cry "Remember the Maine!"
• -Public opinion favored war. April 20, 1898 the
US declared war on Spain.
The War in the Philippines
• *Commodore George
Dewey- gave the command
to open fire on the Spanish
fleet at Manila, the
Philippine capital.
• -Within hours, they had
destroyed every Spanish
ship there. Dewey's victory
allowed US troops to land in
the Philippines.
• -By August, Spanish troops
in Manila surrendered to
the US.
The War in the Philippines
• Led by Commodore George
Dewey
• May 1, 1898 - battle takes
place
- Filipinos, led by Emilio
Aguinaldo (we will see him
again), supported Dewey
- Over 300 Spanish killed
and defeated
- Dewey became hero in
U.S
- Bubble gum named after
him (Dewey's Chewies).
War in the Caribbean
• -Hostilities began with a
naval blockade of Cuba.
• -Dewey's victory in
Manila had
demonstrated the
superiority of the US
naval forces.
• -In contrast, the army
was inexperienced and
ill-prepared volunteer
force.
Rough Riders
• -A volunteer cavalry under
the command of Leonard
Wood and Theodore
Roosevelt, who gave up his
job as the Assistant
Secretary of the Navy to
lead the group.
• *San Juan Hill- the second
victory for the US. Infantry
attack.
• -US troops invaded Puerto
Rico on July 25, 1898.
Treaty of Paris
• *Treaty of Paris- on August
12,1898 the US and Spain
signed armistice. The war
lasted 16 weeks. -In
December 1898, the US and
Spain met in Paris to agree
on a treaty.
• -Spain freed Cuba and the
US gained the islands of
Guam and Puerto Rico to
the US. Spain also sold the
US the Philippines for $20
million.
• -The US now had an empire.
Section 3
Acquiring New Lands
In the early 1900s, the United States
engages in conflicts in Puerto Rico,
Cuba, and the Philippines.
Results of the Spanish American
War
• U.S. didn't grant Cuba
independence immediately
- Cuba had to agree to the Platt
Amendment
- It gave the U.S. the right
interfere in Cuban affairs when
there was a threat to life,
property, and individual liberty
- Cuba had to allow an American
naval base at Guantanamo Bay
until 1999
Results of the Spanish American
War
• Puerto Rico became a
U.S. territory
• Had its own elected
legislature and a
governor chosen by the
president
• 1917, Puerto Ricans
made U.S. citizens; elect
both houses
Results of the Spanish American
War
• Guam was controlled by the
U.S. navy
• President McKinley decided
that the Philippines should
become an American
Colony
- Philippines wanted
independence
- Revolted against the U.S.
- 1902 - U.S. troops finally
restored order
• July 4, 1946, Philippines
became independent
Ruling Puerto Rico
• Not all Puerto Ricans wanted independence.
Some wanted statehood, while still others
hope for some measure of local selfgovernment as an American territory.
• -Puerto Rico was important to the US for
maintaining a US presence in the Caribbean
and for protecting a future canal in Panama.
Ruling Puerto Rico
• *Foraker Act- passed in 1900, this act ended
military rule and set up a civil government in
Puerto Rico.
• -The act gave the president of the US the
power to appoint Puerto Rico's governor and
members of the upper house of this
legislature.
Cuba and the US
• -When the US declared war against Spain in
1898; it recognized Cuba's independence from
Spain.
• *Teller Amendment- stated that the US had no
intention of taking over any part of Cuba.
• -US aided Cuba -- food, clothes, schools,
medical research, and sanitation.
US and Cuba
• *Platt Amendment- a series of provisions that,
in 1901, the US insisted Cuba add to its new
constitution, commanding Cuba to stay out of
debt and giving the US the right to intervene
in the country and the right to buy or lease
Cuban land for naval and fueling stations.
• -It remained in effect for 31 years.
• Cuba became a US *protectorate- a country
whose affairs are partially controlled by a
stronger nation.
Cuban Independence?
Teller Amendment (1898)- US had no intention of taking over
any part of Cuba
Senator
Orville Platt
Platt Amendment (1903)
1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign
powers that would endanger its independence.
2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary
to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval
and coaling station.
Protecting American Business
Interests
• -The most important reasons for the US to
remain in Cuba was to protect its investment
in the islands sugar, tobacco, and mining
industries, as well as railroads and public
utilities.
• -The US would continue to try to control its
Latin American neighbors. In the years to
come, the US would intervene time and again
in the affairs of other nations in the Western
Hemisphere.
Philippine-American War
• -February 1899- the Filipinos, led by
Aguinaldo, rose in revolt.
• -The US would use the same tactics in the
Philippines that they had condemned Spain
for using in Cuba.
• -About 200,000 would die. It took the US
about three years to stop the rebellion.
• -The US set up a government similar to the
one established in Puerto Rico.
• - Philippines gained independence after WWII
Emilio Aguinaldo
Leader
of the Filipino
Uprising.
July 4, 1946:
Philippine independence
Power in the Pacific
• U.S. always had interest in Pacific
- 1853 - U.S. navy landed in Tokyo
Bay
- Led by Commodore Matthew
Perry
• He carried a letter from President
Millard Fillmore
• U.S. wanted Japan to open ports
to American trade
- Carried gifts
- Made it clear that Japan should
not refuse president's request.
Japan becomes a World Power
• Before the U.S. naval visit
Japan had been closed to
the outside word for several
centuries
• Meiji Restoration: Japanese
emperor begins trading
with Western allies. His
modernized army subdues
the lords and samurai of the
countryside.
• Japan changes from a
Medieval to Industrialized
country in 50 years.
Foreign Influence in China
• -The US imperialists saw the
Philippines as a gateway to
the rest of Asia… especially
China.
• -China was seen as a new
potential market.
• -It also presented American
investors with new
opportunities for large-scale
railroad construction.
U.S. Secretary of State, John Hay
John Hayes Open-Door Notes
• -The US feared that China would be carved into
colonies and that American traders would be shut
out.
• -To protect American interests, US Secretary of State,
*John Hay issued a series of policy statements called
the *Open-Door Notes in 1899.
• -These were letters addressed to the leaders of
imperialist nations, proposing that the nation's share
of their trading rights with the US, thus creating an
open door. (No nation would have a monopoly)
The Open Door Policy
Secretary John Hay.
Give all nations equal
access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken
over by any one foreign power.
The Boxer Rebellion in China
• -A 1900 rebellion in which
members of a Chinese
secret society sought to free
their country from Western
influence, or as they call
them “foreign devils.”
• -International forces put
down the rebellion within
two months. (GB, France,
Germany and the US)
The Boxers actually practiced a form of karate. They were called “Boxers” because
they seemed like they fought like French Kick-Boxers.
Protecting American Rights
• -This rebellion led to a 2nd series of OpenDoor Notes, announcing that the US would
“safeguard for the world the principle of equal
and impartial trade with all parts of the
Chinese Empire.”
• -This paved the way for greater US influence in
Asia.
The Impact of US Territorial Gains
• -Under McKinley, the US had gained an empire.
(Reelected in 1900).
• -Many anti-imperialists such as Carnegie, Jane
Addams, Cleveland and Mark Twain all agreed that it
was wrong for the US to rule other people without
their consent.
Section 4
America as a World Power
The Russo-Japanese War, the Panama
Canal, and the Mexican Revolution add to
America’s military and economic power.
Teddy Roosevelt and the World
• -1901- McKinley is assassinatedTheodore Roosevelt becomes
president.
• -1904- Czar Nicholas II (Russia)
declared war on Japan- they were
competing for control of Korea.
• -1905- Roosevelt mediated a
settlement in the war between
Russia and Japan. Japan took
action first by a surprise attack on
Russia.
• -1906- Roosevelt won the Nobel
Peace Prize for negotiating the
Treaty of Portsmouth.
.
Teddy Roosevelt and the World
• *Treaty of Portsmouthin the settlement Japan
wanted Sakhalin Island
and a large sum of
money from Russia.
Russia refused.
• -Japan accepted half of
the island and in
exchange, Russia agreed
to let Japan take over
Russian interests in
Manchuria and Korea
The Panama Canal
• *Panama Canal- cutting
across Central America to
greatly reduce travel time
between the Atlantic and
the Pacific oceans.
• -In 1800, a French company
had tried to build a canal in
Panama.
• -After 10 years, the
company gave up and sold
its route to the US for $40
million.
The Panama Canal
• -1903- Panama declared
its independence from
Columbia.
• -The US and Panama
signed a treaty stating
that the US would agree
to pay Panama $10
million plus the annual
rent of $250,000 for the
Canal zone.
The Panama Canal
• Constructing the Canalranks as one the world's
greatest engineering
feats.
• -Work began in 1904
and by 1913, the climax
of construction, more
than 43,000 workers
were employed. Over
5,000 died of accidents
and disease.
• -The cost of the canal
Panama Canal
TR in Panama
(Construction begins in
1904)
• -August 1914, the Canal
opened for business.
• -US later compensated
Columbia $25 million in
1921 for the country's
lost territory.
Policing the Hemisphere
• *The Roosevelt Corollary…to the
Monroe Doctrine- (MD
demanded that European
countries stay out of the affairs of
Latin American nations.)
• -Issued in 1904, the US claimed
the right to protect its economic
interests by means of military
intervention in the affairs of the
Western Hemisphere's nations.
• -TR’s Big Stick Diplomacy -“Speak
softly and carry a big stick; you
will go far.”
Policing the Hemisphere
- Encouraged U.S.
companies to invest in
Latin America
- Promised military
support if Latin
American countries
defaulted on their debt
to U.S. companies
Speak Softly,
But Carry a Big Stick!
Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”
• Dollar diplomacy—U.S.
guarantees foreign
loans by U.S. business
(add to your notes)
• Latin Americans saw
U.S. as bullies
- Created distrust
between U.S. and it
Latin American
neighbors
U.S. involvement in Latin America
• Business leaders realized they could by
products cheaply in Latin America and sell
them in the U.S. (coffee, bananas, and copper)
• Bought large tracts of land
- Many people lost their land and were forced
to take low paying jobs
Banana Republics: Central American countries
controlled by large U.S. fruit companies
Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy
• -According to Wilson,
the US had a moral
responsibility to deny
recognition to any Latin
American government it
viewed as oppressive,
undemocratic, or
hostile to US interests.
The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Emiliano Zapata
Venustiano Carranza
Poncho Villa
Porfirio
Diaz
Francisco I
Madero
The Mexican Revolution
• -In 1911, Mexican peasants and workers led by
Francisco Madero overthrew Porfirio Diaz. (Military
dictator and US ally.)
• -After two years General Victoriano Huerta took over
and executed Madero.
• -Wilson refused to recognize the government, calling it
“a government of butchers.”
Intervention in Mexico
• April 1914- Huerta’s officers
arrested and released a
group of American sailors.
• -Wilson saw this as an
excuse to intervene in
Mexico.
• -Once the Huerta regime
collapsed, a nationalist
leader became president in
1915. Wilson withdrew the
troops and formally
recognized the new
government.
• Venustiano Carranza
became new president
Venustiano Carranza became new president
Rebellion in Mexico
• Rebellion in Mexico- many
Mexicans did not support the
new government.
• -Rebels under *Francisco
“poncho” Villa and Emiliano
Zapato would kill any
American men in Mexico.
• Poncho Villa actually crossed
the border and burned a town
in NM, killing 19 Americans.
• -The US public demanded
revenge.
• Pancho Villa and the
song La Cucaracha.
Chasing Villa
• *General John J. Pershing- was
ordered by Wilson to capture
Villa dead or alive.
• -After a year of US troops looking
for him. Mexicans grew angrier
over the US invasion of their land.
• -In the end both sides backed
down and Pershing was ordered
to return home because the U.S.
was preparing for WWI.
U.S. Imperialism Summary
• The US pursued and achieved several foreign
policy goals in the early 20th century:
• The US expanded its access to foreign markets
in order to ensure the continued growth of
the domestic economy.
• The US built a modern navy to protect its
interests abroad.
• The US exercised its international police
power to ensure dominance in Latin America.