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Unit 5 The Age of Revolution
(1750 – 1914)
Scientific Revolution
1600 – 1700s
The spirit of
questioning from
the Renaissance
led to the
questioning
during the
Scientific
Revolution
Sir Francis Bacon
The father of the
“Scientific Method” –
Scientists examined
natural laws
governing the
universe.
The Scientific Method
1. Observation
2. Hypothesis
3. Experimentation
to test the hypothesis
If proven, it becomes
scientific law (like
the “Law of
Gravity”)
Nicolaus Copernicus
Challenged the
traditional
Catholic Church
teaching of the
“geocentric
theory”
Galileo Galilei
Italian
astronomer who
provided
evidence
supporting the
heliocentric
theory using the
telescope.
Sir Isaac Newton
Used
mathematics to
prove existence
of gravity and
support
heliocentric
theory
Thomas Hobbes
Wrote Leviathon (1651)
Argued that absolute monarchy is the best
form of government since without it, there
would be chaos and disorder.
While people give up freedom, they gain a
society with order.
The Enlightenment
It was an 18th
century movement
among writers and
intellectuals that
applied natural law
to politics and
government.
Characteristics of the
Enlightenment
Enlightened
Philosophers
challenged
traditional
authority
(ex. The church
& monarchs).
Ideas of the Enlightenment
Democracy, or rule by the people, as an
alternative to absolutism, which denied
people their basic natural rights.
Laissez-faire capitalism, an economic
system which the government has little
control, as an alternative to mercantilism,
which restricted free enterprise.
John Locke
Two Treaties of
Government.
All people had natural
rights to life, liberty,
and property.
The ideas of Locke
were used to justify
the American and
French Revolutions.
John Locke
The king received
his power to rule
from the people
who were entitled
to rebel if he did
not rule in their
interest.
Government by the
consent of the
people.
Baron de Montesiquieu
In Spirit of Laws
Montesquieu
encouraged the
separation of
government into three
branches:
Judicial
Legislative
Executive
Voltaire-Free Speech
Authored Letters on
the English.
Favored the idea of a
limited monarch.
“I may disapprove of
what you say, but I
will defend to the
death your right to
say it.”
Jean Jacques Rosseau
The Social
Contract favored
government based
on the “general
will” of the
people.
“Man is born free,
and everywhere is
in chains”.
Adam Smith
Authored The Wealth
of Nations.-Rejected
the idea of gov’t
control over the
economy.
Laissez-faire
capitalism
Supply/demand would
regulate economy.
Results of the Enlightenment
The Enlightenment
inspired revolutions
in:
America (1775)
France (1789)
Latin America
(1800)
Results of the Enlightenment
This lead to a change in the basic
relationship between people and their
government,
The writings of the Enlightenment
philosophers in Europe encouraged later
political revolution with their support of
a) socialism
c) the divine right
monarchies
b) imperialism
d) the natural rights of
man
The French Revolution
1789
Louis XVI
Monarch who
reigned from 1774
to 1793.
Marie Antoinette
Daughter of Maria
Theresa of Austria.
Her marriage to
Louis served to seal
an alliance between
France and the
Hapsburgs.
Social Causes
French Social Hierarchy
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
97%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
1%
2%
0%
Ist Estate
2nd Estate
3rd Estate
The First Estate
(clergy) and Second
Estates (nobles) had
rights and
privileges denied to
the Third Estate.
A rigid class system
created inequality.
Social Causes (continued)
Bourgeoisie
Peasants
Professionals
The rise of the
Bourgeoisie:
1. The wealthy and
educated middle class
resented their status.
2. The Bourgeoisie
became the leaders of
the revolution.
Political Causes
Absolutism - French Kings ruled with
absolute power.
The Enlightenment - The Philosophers of
the Enlightenment promoted democracy and
wrote about the abuses of French Kings (ex.
Locke’s ideas on “natural rights – life,
liberty and property.”
Lack of power – Each estate had only one
vote.
Political causes (cont’d)
The success of the Puritan (English
Revolution) and American Revolutions
inspired the French to challenge the king.
Economic Causes
Taxation - The First and Second Estate did
not pay taxes.
Bad Harvests - led to severe food shortages.
France was bankrupt.
A financial crisis forced Louis to call a
meeting of the Estates General (French
Parliament).
The Third Estate
The Third Estate
demands a more
democratic National
Assembly.
Louis rejects their
demands and locks
them out.
The Tennis Court Oath
The Third Estate
reconvenes on a tennis
court.
The Third Estate vows
to stay together until a
constitution is created.
The Bastille
On July 14, 1789 a
mob storms and
captures the Bastille.
The old regime ends
and the French
Revolution has
begun.
The National Assembly
The National Assembly
is created.
Temporary Gov’t.
Suspends the privileges
of the 1st and 2nd
estates.
A constitution is written
with a limited monarchy.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Adopted by National
Assembly
Guaranteed all men
were born free and
with equal rights,
liberty, property, and
security.
Life, Liberty, and Fraternity
became the rallying
cry of the French
Revolution.
The Flight to Varennes
On June 20, 1791
Louis and his family
attempt to flee
France.
Louis was caught and
returned to Paris on
June 25, 1791.
Political Groups
Girondins were the
moderates who
supported a Limited
monarchy.
Jacobins were the
radicals favored a
republic.
The Execution of Louis XVI
Neighboring countries
invade France.
Believing Louis
conspired with the
invasion and fearing a
return to absolutism
Louis is executed on
Jan. 21, 1793.
Maximilien Robespierre
Robespierre’s and
the Jacobins
controlled France
during The Terror.
The Jacobins formed
The Committee of
Public Safety
Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette was
accused of conspiring
with Austria to
overthrow the
revolution.
She was found guilty of
treason and guillotined
in October 1793.
The Terror
The Committee of Public
Safety virtually governed
France for a year.
During this time anyone
suspected of being
disloyal to the revolution
were hunted down, tried,
and executed.
The Terror
In fear for their own
lives members of the
Committee eventually
turn against
Robespierre and he is
guillotined in July
1794.
The Directory
1795-1799
After the death of
Robespierre the Jacobins
are overthrown.
Moderates again control
France.
France’s new
government is called The
Directory.
The Reign Of Napoleon
1799-1815
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon
overthrew The
Directory in a Coup
d’etat (military
overthrow) in 1799
Rise to Power
The Revolution had
thrown France into
chaos and disunity.
The French people
supported the
absolute rule of
Napoleon believing it
would
return the country to
normalcy.
Centralized Government
Napoleon set up an
efficient centralized
government.
The Napoleonic Code
Established a code of
law that preserved
revolutionary changes
in the legal system.
Trial by jury
Equal treatment before
the law
Religious freedom
Nationalism
Napoleon set up a
system of public
schools to
encourage
nationalism.
Napoleons Empire
Napoleon created a
great empire through
military conquest.
By 1808 he dominated
most of the European
continent.
in Europe.
The Continental System
Napoleon tried to
isolate England by
instituting the
Continental System
The Continental
System forbid any
European nation from
trading with England
Invasion of Russia (1812)
Czar Alexander I
refused to stop
selling grain to
England violating
the Continental
system.
Scorched Earth Policy
Napoleon
invades with
400,000 men.
As the Russians
retreat they
destroy all grain
and livestock.
As Napoleons starving
army retreats from
Moscow the Russian
winter takes its toll.
The Defeat of Napoleon
Napoleon returned
from Russia with
10,000 soldiers of
his Grand Army.
Napoleon was defeated by a
coalition of European armies
at the Battle of Leipzig in
Germany.
Influence of geography
Exile to Elba
In April 1814 the
defeated emperor
gave up his throne
and surrendered.
Napoleon was
exiled to Elba, a
tiny island off the
Italian coast.
The 100 Days
Napoleon escaped
from Elba and
landed on France
on March 1, 1815.
On June 18, 1815
Napoleon was
defeated at the
Battle of Waterloo
in Belgium.
St. Helena
The British shipped
Napoleon to St.
Helena a remote
island in the South
Atlantic.
Napoleon died in
1821
Factors for Napoleon’s demise
He overextended himself.
The supply lines needed to support his
massive army were too long and vulnerable
to attack.
Did not successfully plan for the Russian
winter.
Results of the French Revolution
Democratic ideals of: Liberty, Equality, and
Fraternity.
Nationalism
Influenced other people to seek democratic
governments.
The middle class (bourgeois) gains political
power
Results of the Napoleonic Age
Napoleon was a military genius but millions
of lives were lost in his wars.
Of his many achievements only the
Napoleonic Code and some of his social
reforms proved lasting and these were not
won on a battlefield.
Influence of Geography
Remember that this is a classic example of
how climate has affected the political
development of Russia.
Because of the cold Russian winter
Napoleon was unsuccessful in his invasion
of Russia in 1812.
The Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna
1814-1815
The Congress of
Vienna was a
meeting by the
leaders of Europe
after the defeat of
Napoleon.
Klemens von Metternich
The group was led
by Prince Von
Metternich of
Austria.
The goals of the
group were
reactionary.
The Congress of Vienna
wanted to return Europe to
pre-revolutionary
conditions.
Balance of Power
The Congress of Vienna
wanted to maintain a
Balance of Power in
Europe.
The military might of
France under Napoleon
had upset the balance of
power.
Turning Back The Clock
Monarchs were
returned to power in
Europe. (France)
Any country that fought
against Napoleon would
receive lost land.
Turning Back The Clock
The Congress of Vienna
opposed the ideas of:
Life
Liberty
Fraternity
Democracy
Czarist Russia
Political Aspects
Absolutism
Absolutism - The Czar
had complete control
over the social,
political, and
economic aspects in
Russia.
Social Aspects
Russification
Everyone living within
the Russian Empire
was forced to adopt
Russian culture.
“Orthodoxy,Autocracy,
Nationalism”
The Russian Orthodox
Church preached
loyalty and devotion
to the Czar.
Love of mother
Russia.
Serfdom
Serfdom continued to
exist 350 years after
the system ended in
Western Europe.
In 1800’s 80% of
Russia’s population
were serfs.
Anti-Semitism
Persecution of the
Jews.
Pogroms - were
government sponsored
attacks against Jewish
communities.
Russian Orthodox Church
The Russian Orthodox
Church was the
official church of
Russia.
Economic
Aspects of the Russian Economy
Russia was still
primarily an
agricultural society.
90% of all Russians
depended on farming
for their livelihood.
Lack of technology
Extreme taxation
Military Aspects
The Crimean War
1853-1856
The war pitted Britain
and France against
Russia.
The nations were
competing for interests
in the crumbling
Ottoman Empire.
The Crimean War
1853-1856
The war was a disaster
for Russia.
Russia’s was defeated
on its own soil.
The war revealed that
Russian technology
was far behind that of
Britain and France.
The Russo-Japanese War
1904
Both Russia and Japan
were competing for
control of Korea.
Nicholas II declared
war on Japan in 1904.
The Russians were
soundly defeated.
Effects of Czarist Russia
The weakness of Russia’s autocratic
(czarist) government were revealed in it’s
defeat in both the Crimean and RussoJapanese wars.
The repressive nature of Russian society
would lead to the demand for reforms.
Outside forces influencing Latin
American Independence
movements.
Enlightenment
American Revolution (1776)
French Revolution (1789)
European wars
Haiti (1804)
First Latin American colony to win its
independence.
Revolt was led by a former slave Toussaint
Louverture.
Mexican Independence
1810 - Father Hidalgo leads revolt and is
subsequently executed in 1811.
1813 - Father Morelos leads another revolt
against Spain and is executed in 1815.
Mexican Independence
1821 - Creoles lead last which finally
successful led by Agustin de’ Iturbide who
begins to rule as an emperor.
1823 - Iturbide deposed and a republic is
started.
Leaders of South American
Independence Movements
Simon Bolivar
Jose’ de San Martin
The Industrial Revolution
1750-1914
The Industrial Revolution began in
England in the 18th century
The Industrial Revolution
Was a change from a domestic system
(home) and hand labor to a factory system
with machines powered by steam. It began
in England in 1750.
Why England
England had certain
advantages that
helped to bring
about
industrialization.
Natural Resources
England had an
abundance of:
Iron ore
Coal
Transportation and
Communication
England had:
Natural harbors
Good rivers
Canals
Railroads
Coastal trade
Port towns
Political Stability
England had a
government
interested in
making money.
England had
abundant capital for
investment in
business.
Labor Supply
Urbanization people moved to
the cities from rural
areas looking for
work.
Cheap labor
Colonies
Were sources of
cheap raw
materials.
England’s colonies
represented a
locked market for
it’s manufactured
goods (customers).
Inventions and Changes
Industrial Landscape
Large steam
powered mills
began to crowd the
country side.
Urban Growth
Industrial cities
grew.
Urbanization:
People moved from
rural areas to the
industrial cities to
find employment.
Factory System
Cottage industry
ended.
Workers were
employed in
factories began
mass production.
The Flying Shuttle
Invented by John
Kay.
Hand powered
Increased the speed
of weavers.
The Spinning Jenny
Invented by John
Hargreaves.
Increased the speed
of spinners.
It could spin
between 8-20
threads at once.
Sir Richard Arkwright
The father of the
Industrial
Revolution.
He developed and
perfected several
machines for
preparing and
spinning thread.
The Water Frame
Invented by Sir
Richard Arkwright.
Patented in 1769.
It first introduced
mechanization into
the spinning
process.
The Power Loom
Invented in 1833.
The Power Loom
was the first
machine to apply
power to weaving.
The Steam Engine Invented by James
Watt.
This new source of
power allowed
many applications
and the location of
factories in many
different places.
Puffing Billy
Was the first British
railway locomotive,
constructed in
1804.
The Rocket
Developed by
George Stephenson.
The Rocket set the
pattern for future
locomotive design.
The steam ship
The first British
steamship was the
Comet.
It was launched in
1812, five years after
the Clermont was
launched in New York
by Robert Fulton.
Results of the Industrial
Revolution
Political
Imperialism
Nationalism
Social
Urbanization
Exploitation of the
work force.
Child labor
Economic
Growth of
Capitalism
Factory system
Effects of Industrialization
Power of the middle class grew
Urbanization
Sparked imperialism as countries were
looking for new markets and raw materials.
The size and number of cities grew.
Effects of Industrialization
Fewer people worked on farms
Severe air and water pollution
Demand increased while prices decreased.
Demand for capital increased (it was needed
for industrialization)
Nations are more INTERDEPENDENT
Imperialism – One country
controls another country or
region
Who were the major imperialistic
powers?
Britain
France
British Imperialism
Motives
Raw Materials
New Markets
Nationalism - to show
that they were indeed
a world power
“the sun never sets on
the British Empire”
British Colonial Rule
The British always
tried to divide the
people of India so that
they would not unite
and rise up.
The Indians learned
about parliamentary
democracy.
British Imperialism
Effects
Schools, hospitals,
communication and
transportation
systems were built.
Motives for Imperialism
Nationalism - Empires
competing for powers.
Industrial Revolution
creating demand for
raw materials and new
markets.
Religious fervor and
feelings of racial
superiority.
Other imperialistic powers
include:
Belgium
Germany
Italy
Holland
Portugal
Spain
Raw Materials From Africa
Rubber
Copper
Gold
Raw Materials From India
Cotton
Jute
Movement
Citizens from the mother countries were
needed to run and work in the colonies so
people moved to the colonies.
Cecil Rhodes
A classic example of an emigrant
Made a fortune from gold and diamonds in
South Africa.
Established the colony of Rhodesia
(currently called Zimbabwe)
Social Darwinisn
“Survival of the fittest”
Europeans believed they were the fittest.
Rudyard Kipling
British writer who in 1899 wrote the poem
“White Man’s Burden”
This was used to justify imperialism.
Forms of Imperialism
Colony - Imperial power ruled directly
(France)
Protectorate - had its own gov’t, but policies
were guided by foreign power. (Britain)
Sphere of Influence - Imperial power had
exclusive trading rights.
The Unification of Italy
1861
Causes of Unification
Italian nationalism
rooted in the Roman
Empire was
reawakened by the
armies of Napoleon.
Goals of Italian
nationalism were:
Unification
Democracy
Obstacles to Unification
The Congress of Vienna divided Italy into
small states.
Austria wanted continued control over
northern Italy.
The Pope was afraid it would lose control
over the Papal States.
The Leaders of Italian
Unification
Guiseppi Mazzini
The soul of Italian
Unification.
Inspired unification
through writings and
speeches.
Formed “Young Italy”
it’s goals were to
establish an Italian
Republic.
Count Camillo Cavour
The brains of
unification.
Prime Minister of
Sardinia-Piedmont.
Orchestrated the plan
for unification.
Formed alliances with:
France and Prussia.
Giuseppe Garabaldi
The sword of
unification.
Organized an army
called the “Red
Shirts”.
Carried out a
successful rebellion in
the Kingdom of the
Two Sicilies in 1860.
The Process of Unification
Cavour and Northern Italy
Cavour organized the
plan to unify Italy.
Cavour formed
alliances with:
France (1859)
Prussia (1866)
Wars of Unification
1. Austro-Sardinian
War:1859
With French help Italians
defeat the Austrians.
Gain Lombardy
2. Austro-Prussian War
Cavour allies himself with
Prussia.
Gain Venetia.
Garabaldi and Southern Italy
Organized an army
called the Red Shirts
In May of 1960 he
invaded Sicily.
The Red Shirts swept
through Sicily and
marched northward
towards Rome.
A United Italy
Garabaldi’s army met
Sardinian troops near
Rome and almost all
of Italy was united.
In March 1861 a
parliament
representing most of
Italy met.
King Victor Emmanuel II
The parliament made
King Victor
Emmanuel II of
Sardinia also the king
of Italy.
A limited monarchy
Rome became the
capital of Italy.
Unification of Germany
Prussian Leadership
The Congress of Vienna
had created the German
Confederation which
consisted of 38
independent states.
Prussia would lead the
unification movement.
Otto Von Bismarck
1815-1898
The Iron Chancellor
Bismarck was
determined to unify
Germany under the
leadership of Prussia.
Bismarck would follow
a policy of “blood and
iron”.
The Prussian Army
Bismarck forced the
Reichstag to approve his
army budget.
Bismarck created and
used a powerful army to
remove all obstacles to
unification
German Unity
This is a French
political cartoonist
view of the ruthless
means employed by
Bismarck to obtain
German unity.
Austro - Prussian War
1866
The Seven Weeks War
Austrian domination of the
German States ended.
The northern German
States combined into a
confederation.
The Franco Prussian War
Bismarck provoked
1870-1871
France into declaring
war.
EMS dispatch
The German States
fueled by nationalism
join Prussia in it’s war
with France.
Bismarck Dictates
Peace Terms
Franco - Prussian War
resulted in a humiliating
defeat for France.
France was forced to :
Pay an indemnity of 5
billion gold Francs.
Support a German army of
occupation.
Alsace and Lorraine
France would also
surrender the
territories of Alsace
and Lorraine.
The humiliating defeat
and surrender terms
would lead to the
French people wanting
revenge against
Germany.
The Unification Of
Germany (1871)
On January 18, 1871
at the Palace of
Versailles King
William I of Prussia
was crowned Emperor
of a united Germany.
Bismarck’s plans to
unify Germany
complete.
Germany Under
Bismarck
Bismarck pursued
policies of :
nationalism
industrialization
social reform
the isolation of France
through forming
alliances with Britain
and Russia.
Social Policies
Bismarck knew that the
loyalty of industrial workers
was the key to keeping
Germany strong.
Bismarck provided workers
with: health
insurance,accident benefits,
money at retirement.
Kaiser Wilhelm II
1859-1941
Was unwilling to share
power and forced
Bismarck to resign.
Wilhelm’s policies
allowed France to
form alliances with
England and France .
Set the stage for WWI
Count Helmuth Von Moltke
Was named chief of the
Prussian General Staff
in 1858.
Von Moltke engineered
the military successes
Bismarck would need to
unify Germany.