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Lesson 1 Period 1 Introduction to History of the Modern World Admin matters Textbook “The 20th Century: As it was lived” (2nd ed.) Workbook (Sec 3 + 4) Red History File $4 (from bookshop) History Syllabus Pure History 20th century World History (2009) Selected Southeast Asian History: Malaya, Indonesia and Vietnam (2010) Elective History 20th century World History (2009 + 2010) Course Outline Covers a period which spans about a century. Late 19th century to late 20th century. Looks at Europe, Asia, America WWI, WWII, Cold War and the periods in between. Important concepts: Colonialism + Nationalism; Capitalism + Communism Treaties signed allowing A country to rule over another. Either by agreement or by conquest Peaceful or violent Colonies adopt language, culture, Architecture, governing systems of The colonial masters Colonialism Colonies are modelled After the Metropolis Unequal Relationship Between Colonial Master And colonised Colonies need to provide raw Materials and resources for the Metropolis (Centre of the empire) Core vs. Periphery Colonial Masters rule over local inhabitants Can be Xenophobic (“Them/Other) Nationalist Movements Peaceful or violent Strong national Identity. ‘We’/Self Nationalism Against Colonialism Strong desire to defend Nation from foreign Invaders/excessive influence of Another country. Local inhabitants should Rule themselves The 2 Cs Capitalism Private Ownership Free-market economy Supporters: Middle Class + Elites Communism State Ownership Centrally-planned economy Supporters: Working class + Poor Background Early modern: 15th-17th century) as the Age of Exploration leading on to growth of Empires (Colonisation) during the 18th-19th century. Age of modernity saw the birth of Nationalism (Beginning with French Revolution 1789). Previously people thought in terms of parochial/local concerns. (village/province) Emergence of collective identity and sense of nation. (Formation of Germany 1871, Italy 1870) Nationalist movements spread from America (War of Independence 1775-1783) to Europe to Asia + Africa. Looking back on the 20th Century “If I had to sum up the 20th century, I would say that it raised the greatest hopes ever conceived by humanity, and destroyed all illusions and ideals.” ~Yehudi Menuhin (violinist) Looking back on the 20th century “The most fundamental thing is the progress of science, which has been truly extraordinary…This is what characterises our century.” ~ Severo Ochoa (Nobel Laureate, Science, Spain) Looking back on the 20th century “In spite of everything there have been revolutions for the better in this century…the rise of the fourth estate, and the emergence of women after centuries of repression.” ~ Rita Levi Montalcini (Nobel Laureate, writer, Italy) Looking back on the 20th century “Historians can’t answer this question (about what characterises the 20th century). For me the twentieth century is only the everrenewed effort to understand it.” ~ Franco Venturi (historian, Italy) KIV How would you characterise the 20th century? General Themes History of the Modern World as being a paradox (contradictory): Modernity supposed to herald progress e.g. of the sciences, to the benefit of Mankind but it also indirectly contributed to atrocities committed against Man (e.g. Nuclear weapons). General Themes The Modern World as being increasingly interconnected Globalisation. This has brought about benefits of increased mobility of trade, people etc, but also the tensions arriving from this increasing competition. Emergence of ‘global’ threats (threats that are not isolated to a particular place). General Themes World being pulled in different directions: Cooperation v competition Peace v War Outward v inward looking Liberation of Man v continued oppression of Man Historical pattern: Any big event (e.g. War, revolutions, economic crisis) will have political, economic and social repercussions. Political History 1) Big political events E.g. Political upheaval War. Changes in governance 2) Concerned with key political figures and ideas “Great Man History” Social History 1) How society was ordered (Class, gender relations, myths, conventions) 2)How common people lived their daily lives, E.g. Response to political + economic changes, fashion, food etc. Economic History 1) Study of past economies and events that affect economy, jobs, etc. E.g. Industrial Revolution, Great Depression 2) Concern with economic forces Expectations 1) Taking perspectives, both important as a historical and as an inter-personal skill. I.e. Put yourself in the shoes of others (historical figures, teacher, other classmates) I.e. Be respectful of others. (Handing in your work on time, listen to others when they are speaking.) 2) Personal Integrity, being honest despite the cost. Expectations cont. 3) Personal Responsibility, ensuring that you have handed in your work on time, and have done it to the best of your ability. 4) Concern for one another, keeping each other accountable, encouraging each other to move on in spite of failures. Aim: To achieve a conducive learning environment What you can expect from History lessons… -Academically rigorous and fun. (but I need your cooperation!) -Interactive learning environment (I value your feedback/suggestions for improvement) -Learning that goes beyond the textbook. http://the-historic-times.wikispaces.com Some Tips Read ahead to prepare for the next lesson Don’t be afraid to ask questions/to clarify doubts. Understanding is more important than memorising Detect historical patterns Before the end of every lesson… 1) Spend 5 mins to do a mind-map to take stock of what you have learnt for that lesson. 2) Try to organise it. (Without reference to textbook/notes etc) *Good Preparation for Exams* Example Of Mind-map Elaboration 1 Elaboration 1 Factor 3 Factor 1 Elaboration 2 Example 2 Issue Factor 2 Additional Questions? Example 1 Alternatives? Examples? ??? European Enlightenment Freedom Rights of Individual Liberalism Reason Vs. Tradition Maintain Status Quo ANTI Social Justice Socialism Communism Important Ideas Strong Army Feudalism Little social mobility Democracy Middle Class Elite Conservatism Working Class Capitalism Feminism ANTI Patriarchal Society Egalitarianism Elimination Of status And privilege Equal political rights For women Questions 1) A Monarchy would be best supported by __________ (which ideology?) Explain your answer 2) Arrange the 4 ideologies in the right order, starting with the one that emerged first, and ending with the most recent ideology. Explain your answer. 3) Which, in your opinion, is the most dangerous ideology? Explain your answer Identify one important ideology that is missing… Overarching Essential Question: What prompts a nation to act in a particular way? Is it strict adherence to ideology or something? Overarching Essential Understanding Nations act in accordance with their perceived national interests. National Interests can transcend ideological boundaries Politics of Pragmatism. Regardless of ideological stripes/beliefs Lesson 1 Period 2 Unit 1 World War I What was the world like In 1914? What caused WWI? World War I How did the world Change after WWI? What happened in WWI? 1. What was the World like in 1914? Setting the stage for the conflict “Great Powers” – The Main Characters Britain France Germany Austria What qualifies them as “Great Powers”? 1) Size of empire 2) Level of industrialisation Russia Vast size and population Other emerging powers USA Japan Growing skilled workforce + Rich in natural resources. Many inventions 1894-5: Defeated China (Gained Taiwan + Influence over Korea) Treaty of Shimonoseki 1904-5: Defeated Russia (Gained parts of Manchuria + Control over Korea) Treaty of Portsmouth World in 1914 Growth of Industries (Ever since Industrial Revolution in late 18th Century) Industrialisation leading to new inventions E.g. Steam engines, railway, telegram, telephone. External Effects of Industrialisation Economic changes leading to social and political changes: (Historical pattern) Growing empires of Industrialised nations. A shrinking world – i.e. interconnected. // to Globalisation in our age. Increased Mobility of people (travel), money (investments), information (news, ideas, culture) Internal Effects of Industrialisation Economic changes leading to social and political changes: (Historical pattern) People move away from agriculture (rural countryside) to get better paid jobs in the factory (urban towns) Rapid growth of towns. Overcrowding + Unsanitary living conditions + discontentment Increase in literacy. Able to read and write newspapers. Rapid spread of ideas. (Print Revolution) How societies were organised Britain, Germany, Italy, AustriaHungary, Serbia: Constitutional Monarchy France: Republican Russia: Absolute Monarchy (but in 1905, Parliament was established.) Agenda for Reform Desire to make society more egalitarian. I.e Equal Opportunities Widening the franchise (who gets to vote). Aimed at giving women and working classes a voice in how country is run. Taking power away from Elite to the marginalised (Power Struggle) European Enlightenment Freedom Rights of Individual Liberalism Reason Vs. Tradition Maintain Status Quo ANTI Social Justice Socialism Communism Important Ideas Strong Army Feudalism Little social mobility Democracy Middle Class Elite Conservatism Working Class Capitalism Feminism ANTI Patriarchal Society Egalitarianism Elimination Of status And privilege Equal political rights For women 2. What caused WWI? Trigger 2) Short Term causes 3) Long Term causes Why did the various countries go to war? 1) 4) Trigger Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a 19 year old student Gravilo Princip (had links to Serbian secret society “Black Hand”) Why did an assassination incident in the Balkans launch Europe into a War? P.14 textbook on sequence of events Trigger Austria issued Ultimatum to Serbia 23rd July Serbia accepts 9 out of 10 points, but wants to negotiate point 6. Point 6: Austro-hungarian officials to take part in the Serbian enquiry into the plot to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand. A Trigger determines when an incident occurs, but not why. Relationships Weakening Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Britain Balkans Germany (Southern-Slavs) France Serbia Centre of Slavic Nationalism Russia “Protector of Slavs” VS. Italy Austria-Hungary Multi-Ethnic Alliance system Germany + Austria-Hungary + Italy = Triple Alliance. 1882. Renewed in 1912 Britain + Russia + France = Triple Entente (Signed separate agreements with each other) -Russia + France: Dual Alliance 1894 -France + Britain: Entente Cordiale 1904 -Russia + Britain: Conciliation of interests 1907 Causes Long Term Weak Ottoman Empire Discontentment amongst Southern Slavs Russia’s historic quest for Constantinople Rising Nationalism and Militarism Germany’s growing ambitions (vs. France, Britain) Short Term Conflict in the Balkans 1908/1912 Arms Race (Ger vs. Br) Alliance System (But note exception of Italy) Conflict in Morocco (Ger vs. Fr) “Agadir Crisis.” 1908-1912 Why did those particular nations enter the fray? Those who entered the War either sought to maintain or change the Status Quo in Europe, to the benefit of their own country. Enduring Understanding: National Interests as being the over-riding reason for entry into war. Activity 1: Home work Communication Of National Agendas Get into pairs/groups of 5 for this activity 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Austria-Hungary Germany Russia France Britain Serbia Activity 1 – Mobilising the People Each pair will be given a country card with a list of the country’s national agendas, which led to that country entering the War. You have to assume the role of the Cultural Czar, and come up with a convincing propaganda poster to rally your countrymen behind the government’s decision to go to war. Activity 1 cont. Come up with a propaganda poster before next lesson. 12th Jan Explain why you came up with a particular slogan And how it will appeal to the people. Why is it important to appeal to the People? I.e. Why is Popular Opinion so important? Why did War break out in Europe? Lesson 1 Period 3 3. What happened during WWI? What happened during WWI War on many fronts. Western Front: Trench War fare. Bloody Stalemate. But after Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Germany broke through the Western Front and advanced on Paris again. Timely help from America. (Wiki, Obituary: Poems 2 and 3) Eastern Front: German Army secured total victory in the East. Triggered revolution in Russia. Submarines: Used to blockade ports. To prevent supplies from reaching Britain/Germany to starve the civilian population. Dreadnoughts were hardly used. What happened (cont.) Some new countries (Italy + USA) entered; others e.g. Russia left (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918) The protracted war was taking a toll on all parties – Stalemate. German Army was NOT defeated. Truce called. Armistice. Find out more: http://www.firstworldwar.com /index.htm Find one piece of information about WWI (military battles, slogans etc) that interests you, and write a short paragraph in the Wiki site, (under Discussion:“Interesting snippets about WWI”) about WHY it is particularly interesting to you. Eye-witness account Wilfred Owen How did the World change after WWI? I.e. What were the effects/consequences of WWI? Political effects of WWI Toppled existing systems of governance. (i) Russian Revolution 1917: Monarchy to Dictatorship of Proletariat. (This had social and economic repercussions) (ii) Kaiser abdicates in Germany 1918: Monarchy to Republic (Weimar government) (iii) In Hungary, a Communist Government was elected into power in March 1919. “None of the defeated countries escaped revolution.” ** Alexis de Tocqueville (19th Century Historian): Revolutions don’t happen when things are at their worst, but when things have been steadily improving and the improvement stops. Political effects cont. Creation of new political nationstates/countries. (Re-drawing of the map of Europe) “Self-determination” -Formation of Yugoslavia (Serbs + Croats + Slovenes) Problems in Yugoslavia persists till today. Serbs v Albanians in Kosovo. American government retreats into Isolationism. Failure of Liberalism. Socialism becoming increasingly popular as an alternative ideology. (Led to social changes) Decline of Eurocentricworld Rise of America as World Power in the International Arena. Economic effects Economic dislocation. (i.e. A lot of problems with the economy) War time expenditure led to massive government debt (War had been waged beyond resources). Unemployment (Factories took a while to shift from war-time production) Inflation of prices. (Due to shortage of goods) Low levels of international trade Social effects Women in some countries won the right to vote. But the extent of the changes in attitudes towards women’s role in society is debatable. Now that the men are back from war, women may have to return to the homes. (Public v. Private spheres) Psychological effects Disillusionment amongst population Destroyed the notion that the Western civilisation is superior. (Destruction of Christian values. What of the ‘White-man’s burden’) Survivors have to deal with the loss of family + friends Post-war trauma for ex-service men Activity 2 Drawing up the terms of the “Treaty of Versailles” Activity 2 You are the foreign minister of _______. You and the other statesmen from the victorious Allied forces are coming together at the Palace in Versailles to sign an agreement as a form of closure to WWI. Think about your respective national interests, and come up with clauses (for the Treaty) that reflects your national agenda. The 2 sides Winners: Britain (3) France (3) Italy (3) Japan (2) USA (3) Amongst others Losers: Germany Austria Turkey Bulgaria Treaty of Versailles “Conference of Victors” Reflects national agendas of the victors. Aim: To keep Germany weak. Was it a fair Treaty? What were the Consequences of WWI? Performance Task - - - Individual Work 2 mind maps (Causes + Consequences) Pair/Group Work Activity 1: Reason for entering War + Translation into Propaganda Activity 2: National agendas + Translation into clauses for Treaty of Versailles Further reading Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914-1991, (New York: Vintage Books, 1996). James Joll, The Origins of the First World War (2nd ed.), (London: Longman, 1992.)