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World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 12 Western Eurasia, 1200 - 1500 C.E. Objectives • Be able to account for the magnitude and speed of the Mongol conquests. • Be able to describe the benefits that resulted from the integration of Eurasia in the Mongol Empire. • Be able to compare and contrast the effects of Mongol rule on Russia and the lands of Islam with the effects on East Asia. • Be able to identify points of continuity and discontinuity in the transition from Mongol to Ming rule of China. The Rise of the Mongols Genghis Khan - 1206 – supreme leader – Temujin • early learnings – – – – charisma of personal strength religious tolerance no mercy versatility Mongols – nomads from steppes of C.Asia – key to movement • long-term trends • pressures The Rise of the Mongols Nomadism - 1000 CE – way of life forced by scarcity of resources • pastures, water • slavery and tribute – labor and currency – traits • superb horsemen – shooting arrows – replacement of chariots • centralized decision-making – decision ratification • arranged marriages / alliances – women » negotiation / management • alliance building The Rise of the Mongols Trade and Communication – great cultural diversity – spread of religious ideas • shamanism • politics / religious association – universal rulership • legitimate conquests • claim superiority over religious leaders – iron • bridles, stirrups, wagons, bridges – settled agriculturalists • mutual dependence • conflict vs. trade relations Mongol Conquests Genghis Khan - 1206-1227 – C. Asia, Middle East, Russia • tribute • Batu – Russia • Ogodei – Tanggut and Jin – 1241 Reasons for Success – horsemanship; superior bows • Mamluk forces – flaming arrows; catapults – threat of slaughter – inclusive armies Mongol Empire Overland Trade Textile Manufacture – silk • westward expansion • Eastern motifs to West – Mongol trade route control • merchants, missionaries • political ambassadors – paisa – travel literature • insights to Eurasia – Marco Polo – ambition for Asian routes • image of inexhaustible wealth – plague • great pandemic (1347-1352) Fall and Rise of Islam, 1260-1500 Il’khan – Mesopotamia and Iran – little Muslim exposure • Buddhist Golden Horde – southern Russia – allied with Muslim Turks • Batu conversion - 1260 Issues – Abbasid caliph - 1258 – Caucasus • Western alliance • Ghazan conversion - 1295 – forced conversion Islam and the State Il-khan Economic Goal – peaceful, maximum tax revenue – tax farming • tax-collecting contracts • short-term – good: minimum overhead • long-term – bad:land bankruptcy – govt. land appropriation » shrinking tax base • Ghazan – new method of management • paper money • no Middle East confidence • depression • Rise of C. Asian Timurs Art and Science in Islamic Eurasia Ilkhans and Timurids – intellectual developments • Iran to China • shared artistic trends; politics – strong effects on Europeans • Juvaini – 1st to write history of Mongols • Rashid al-Din – Il-khan prime minister – attempt at world history • Europe and China • Nasir al-Din – algebra and trigonometry – astronomy; planetary revolution – Nicolas Copernicus Art and Science in Islamic Eurasia Maraga – world center for eclipse prediction – amass astronomical data from entire empire • Spain, Byzantine, India, China • European numeral transition – adaptation of Indian numeral system – fractions idea from China • precise pi calculation Regional Definition In Response to the Mongols Mongols Affected Regions – cities vs. countryside Russia – Batu (1230 CE) • rule from Crimea – successful winter campaigns – no united resistance • Russian Orthodox Church – granted great privileges • reconciliation – distance = church survival – church = Russian identity • independence Regional Definition In Response to the Mongols • Russian Princes – tax collectors / census takers – Alexander Nevskii • better to submit Moscow – dominant political center – destruction of Kievan countryside • Ivan III – prince of Moscow (14621505) – tsar (1480) Centralization in Europe and Anatolia Papacy vs. Holy Roman Emperor • Western Europe – Holy Land question – Frederick II (Hohenstaufen) • 1212-1250 • Eastern Europe – Hungary / Poland defense – Teutonic Knights • Christianization • colonization – Lake Chud • end of northern Crusades – multinational force • 1241 CE Centralization in Europe and Anatolia Trade Routes – replace terror with awe – inexhaustible wealth • Technology – gunpowder; coal mining – metallurgy; bronze cannons – mathematics; diplomatic passports Negatives – plunder of the countryside – spread of the plague Rise of the Ottoman Turks – conquest of Constantinople (1453)
