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By Caroline Turner To establish communication throughout the body To initiate motion by sending signals throughout the body by means of neurons receive and transmit information to and from nerve centers initiates a response 2 types of neurons carry impulses from the brain to muscles and glands send messages to the brain through the spinal cord Nervous System Central Nervous System brain Spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System Somatic System Sympathetic System Autonomic System Parasympathetic - Collects and interprets all nerve impulses - Consists of the brain and spinal cord. Contains all the nerves not connected to the brain or spinal cord Connects these nerves to the Central Nervous System 2 types: Somatic and Autonomic -Controls voluntary motion such as the skeletal and muscular system -Controls all involuntary motion, such as internal organs and glands Helps the body to operate under stress Fight or flight Dilates pupils, speeds heart rate, releases adrenaline, ect. Calms the body back down after stress Pupils contract, heartbeat slows, ect. Nervous System: Diseases and Disorders Jill Heyman Alzheimer’s Disease Slowly progressive Destroys neurons & the brain’s communication paths Dementias is the most common form Several characteristic abnormal structures which cause malfunction or death to cells 3 stages- mild, moderate, severe Epilepsy Type with causes unknown- Idiopathic Type with know causes (ex: head injury)- Symptomatic Type with causes suspected but not found- Crytogenic Causes seizures, affects memory, affects attention span Meds cause drowsiness, and mood & behavior problems, but controls seizures Parkinson’s Disease Slowly progressive Affects nerve cells (Basal Ganglia & Substantia Nigra) which produce Dopamine (chemical messenger controlling body movements) Bradykinesia- slow movement, decreased blinking, drooling, lack of facial expressions Tremor-involuntary shaking Rigidity Postural Instability- sense of imbalance, tendency to fall Multiple Sclerosis Occurs when damage to Myelin (fat protecting the spinal cord) Demyelination-destruction which can occur anywhere in the central nervous system Affects walking, vision Causes memory loss, mood swings, learning problems Spina Bifida Most common neural tube birth defect 1/1000 babies’ neural tubes don’t close properly Most severe type- Myelomeningocele Mild/hidden type- Occulta Rarest type- Meningocele Most serious type-Myelomeningocele or Open Surgery is sometimes need to prevent babies from dangerous infections Prevention & Treatment Tips for Alzheimer’s Disease Prevention *Currently there is no way to prevent this disease Treatment *Drugs to create emotion and better mind processing *Nursing homes for constant care Prevention and Treatment Tips for Epilepsy Prevention *Currently there is no way to prevent this disease *Avoid situations in which head trauma could occur Treatment *Medication to control seizures * Changes in lifestyle and diet *Surgery- nerve stimulation Prevention & Treatment Tips for Parkinson’s Disease Prevention *Currently there is no way to prevent this disease Treatment *Meds to replace dopamine in the brain, make a steady supply of levadopa in the blood, stop the destruction of dopamine, reduce acetylcholine activity, and block the excessive action of glutamate *Surgery -Pallidotomy, Thalamotomy, Deep Brain Stimulation Prevention & Treatment Tips for Multiple Sclerosis Prevention *Currently there is no way to prevent this disease Treatment *Medication for severe symptoms *Assistance -devices- canes, walkers, wheel chairs and electric scooters *Physical therapy Prevention & Treatment Tips for Spina Bifida Prevention *Take folic acid vitamins for a few months before getting pregnant & during pregnancy -folic acid= a B vitamin found in broccoli, spinach , orange juice, and certain pastas, breads & cereals Especially important during the 1st 3 months of pregnancy, when neural tube is forming and closing Treatment *Regular physical therapy *Surgery to remove a sac poking out of the back through a hole, or out of a baby’s head Nervous system sudden illness emergency/first aid Mary Hidrej Concussion A concussion is a brain injury that may result in a bad headache. A concussion results from a significant blow to the head. Symptoms can range from mild to severe. Severed spinal cord Spinal cord injury occurs when the spinal cord is damaged in a way that results in some loss of sensation and motor control. Who gets spinal cord injuries? Approximately, 10,000 people injure their spinal cord in the United States each year Spinal cord injuries can happen to anyone, at any age Stroke The symptoms of stroke depend on what part of the brain is damaged. In some cases, a person may not even be aware that he or she has had a stroke Help prevent a stroke Avoid fatty foods. Follow a healthy, low-fat diet. Do not drink more than 1 to 2 alcoholic drinks a day. Exercise regularly: 30 minutes a day if you are not overweight; 60 - 90 minutes a day if you are overweight Stroke risks High blood pressure is the number one risk factor for strokes. The following also increase your risk for stroke: Diabetes Family history of stroke Heart disease High cholesterol Increasing age Cases of concussion There are more than a million cases of concussion each year in the United States. A concussion may result when the head hits an object or a moving object strikes the head Causes of Spinal Cord Damage to the spinal cord is usually caused by one of five different types of injuries. Concussion of the spinal cord occurs when a sudden, violent jolt injures the tissues around the cord. This injury is usually temporary and goes away with in a few hours Ischemic Stroke Ischemic stroke occurs when a blood vessel that supplies blood to the brain is blocked by a blood clot. This may happen in two ways: A clot may form in an artery that is already very narrow. This is called a thrombus. If it completely blocks the artery, it is called a thrombotic stroke