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BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I What are the functions of the Nervous System? • _____ ________ (environment & self) • Conduct ________ • _________ & __________ impulses (stimuli) • __________ What are the functions of the Nervous System? Out of this comes _________, & ability to ___________ How is the Nervous System organized? ________ ______ _____ ________ ______ _____ Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 43: ( ___ cranial & ___ spinal nerves) How is the Nervous System organized? CNS ____ Afferent _________ Somatic ____________ Sympathetic _____________ What are the Structural/functional units of the Nervous System? • Nerve cells ~ _______ • Maintaining cells ~ ______ ______ Neuron anatomy: ___________________ ____________ _________ What are the different types of Neurons? Structural types: Functional types: ________ ______ ________ Association ~ Interneurons Afferent ~ Sensory neurons Efferent ~ Motor neurons What are the types of glial cells and what tasks do they accomplish? ___________: control substances entering/leaving CSF Associated with _______________ which is formed by endothelial cells of blood vessels. What are the types of glial cells and what tasks do they accomplish? _______________: Line the ventricles (cavities) of CNS, create cerebral spinal fluid and aid in its circulation. What are the types of glial cells and what tasks do they accomplish? _____________: Small specialized macrophages that are attracted to areas of damage in the CNS and phagocytize debris What are the types of glial cells and what tasks do they accomplish? ________________: Cells in the CNS that have multiple extensions that wrap around multiple axons forming myelin sheaths. What are the types of glial cells and what tasks do they accomplish? _______________: Cells in the PNS that wrap around single axons forming myelin sheaths. The gaps in between Schwann cells are called ______ __ ___________ What are the differences between Myelinated and Unmyelinated Neurons? _______________: Action potential occurs along entire plasma membrane… ________ _______________: Action potentials jump from one node to the next… _________ What is Saltatory Conduction and why is it important? Thick myelin sheaths insulate plasma membrane and force “jumping” (__________) movement of electrical charge (action potential) ____________ effects myelin sheaths in CNS How can you tell if nervous tissue is myelinated? Myelin sheaths contribute to white appearance = _____ _________ Neuron cell bodies and dendrites contribute to a darker color = _______ __________ Clusters of cell bodies are called _______ or _____ in the PNS and the CNS respectively How are signals sent along the axon highway? Make sure you are comfortable with: • Establishment of resting potentials • Formation and propagation of action potentials. • Mechanisms involved with conducting action potentials between cells (Intercellular action potential propagation). How are signals sent along the axon highway? In addition to neurotransmitters, there are also ________________ (w/c influence _________ of pre- or post-synaptic membrane) Example: ___________, w/c when bound w/ receptors on pre-synaptic neurons limit neurotransmitter release (see table 11.5) What is the difference between Excitatory & Inhibitory neurons? Ligands binding with postsynaptic receptors can cause: A _____________ in postsynaptic membrane potential (_________ ~ closer to zero… depolarization) Example: ___ ~ opens Na+ channels An __________ in postsynaptic membrane potential (_________ ~ further from zero…hyperpolarized) Example: ________ ~ opens Cl- channels Are action potentials always propagated between cells? Action potentials in pre-synaptic terminal don’t always result in an action potential on the postsynaptic membrane… ________ ___________ ________ __________ Are action potentials always propagated between cells? Different action potentials from varying neurons can simultaneously influence the neuron they collectively synapse with to create ________ ___________ How are reflexes and pathways integrated? ___________ Reflexes and Pathways ___________ ___________ Can nervous tissue recover from injury? Why would the portion of an axon severed from the neuron cell body die? If a nerve is cut, the ____ ______ and _____ _______ are phagocytized. However, the Schwann cell bodies remain. The proximal axon “________” for reconnection If it encounters ________ _____ then it grows inside this pathway to re-innervate the organ (muscle) Why would this not readily occur in the CNS?
