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Human Body Skeletal, Muscular, and Nervous Systems Unit G in our textbook Skeletal System Bones – made of living AND nonliving material 206 bones in body Joint – place where 2 bones meet Ligament – strong bands that hold BONE to BONE Cartilage Examples = nose, ears, padding b/w bones Softer and more flexible than bone Many bones start out as cartilage and slowly turn into bone Jobs: Gives you SHAPE and SUPPORT Allows you to STAND STRAIGHT PROTECTS your organs (heart, lungs, brain) Makes BLOOD cells in the marrow Inside a Bone Periosteum – outer layer Compact bone – very hard Spongy bone – softer (“shock absorbers”) Marrow – makes blood cells periosteum blood vessel compact bone spongy bone marrow Scientific Names of Bones Chart Skeletal System video (4:56) Joints Immovable Bones meet, but no movement Skull Ball and socket Allows great range Hip, of motion Shoulder Works like a door Hinge Knee, Elbow hinge Pivot Able to TURN Neck Gliding One bone slides over another Wrist, Ankle, Spine Muscular System Tendons – attach Muscle to Bone – (The Momma Bear Loves Baby Bear) – (Tendons Muscle-Bone; Ligaments Bone-Bone) Types of Muscles 1. Skeletal – make bones move 2. Smooth – digestive system 3. Cardiac – heart (4:06) (V) (I) (I) Voluntary- choose to move (jumping, running, kicking) Involuntary – no choice; automatically happens (heart beat, moving food through digestive system) Injuries 1. Fracture: break or crack in bone Injuries 2. Sprain: tearing a ligament at a joint Injuries 3. Strain: overstretching or tearing muscle Broken bones Avoiding Injuries (24:32) Wear PROPER EQUIPMENT tennis shoes, helmets, knee pads, shin guards WARM UP before / COOL DOWN afterwards walk first, then stretch all muscle groups Treat your body with RESPECT A. Eat well – Fruits/Veggies, Milk, limit sweets B. Get enough sleep – 9-11 hours/night C. Stay away from drugs and alcohol Nervous System 1. Nerves (neurons) 2. Brain 3. Spinal Cord Neurons Neurons - (nerve cells) threadlike cells that send messages to and from the brain Color a neuron! Neurons * Electrical charges cause chemicals to be released from the AXON. * DENDRITES pick up that chemical and the chain continues (as it releases more chemicals from its axon) dendrites axon 2 Types of Neurons: 1. Sensory neurons *carry messages from body to brain *allow us to SENSE the environment 2. Motor neurons *carry messages from brain to body *cause MUSCLES to react video (4:00) Nerve Messages Nerve Impulse – message carried through your body by neurons. Sensory Nerve Brain Motor Nerve Spinal Cord Thick, cordlike bundle of nerve cells Protected by vertebrae of spine Connects to brain Reflexes Automatic reactions that skip the brain. Happens without thinking. Reflexes video (0:56) Brain size of both fists weighs 3 pounds gray in color Brain video (7:36) 15 billion nerve cells linked together protected by SKULL, layers of membranes, & fluid 3 Parts of the Brain 1. Cerebrum (biggest) 1 has 2 hemispheres (halves) right and left Right side of brain controls left side of body and Left side of brain controls right side of body. Controls voluntary muscles, thinking, memory, decision-making, and more. 3 Parts of the Brain 2. Cerebellum Below cerebrum Controls balance and posture Coordinates movement 2 33 3 Parts of the Brain 3. Medulla (brain stem) Controls involuntary muscles (breathing, heart beating) Filters all messages going to the brain Fastest acting part Connects to spinal cord 3 Citations Fractures. (2007). Retrieved August 1, 2007 from http://hcd2.bupa.co.uk/images/factsheets/fractures.gif Sprain. (2007). Retrieved August 1, 2007 from http://z.about.com/d/p/440/e/f/19626.jpg Strain. (2007). Retrieved August 1, 2007 from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19618.jpg Biceps and triceps, tendons attached. Paul Fuqua (2003). Retrieved August 1, 2007, from unitedstreaming: http://www.unitedstreaming.com/ Nerve with neuron highlighted. Paul Fuqua (2004). Retrieved August 1, 2007, from unitedstreaming: http://www.unitedstreaming.com/ In Control: Our Brain and Nervous System. Rainbow Educational Media (1993). Retrieved August 1, 2007, from unitedstreaming: http://www.unitedstreaming.com/ Path of a Nerve Impulse. (2007). Retrieved August 1, 2007 from http://www.phschool.com/atschool/science_activity_library/images/path_nerve_impulse.jpg Spinal Cord. (2007). Retrieved August 1, 2007 from http://www.daviddarling.info/images/spinal_cord.gif In Control: Our Brain and Nervous System. Rainbow Educational Media (1993). Retrieved August 1, 2007, from unitedstreaming: http://www.unitedstreaming.com/ Brain. (2007). Retrieved August 1, 2007 from http://medimages.healthopedia.com/large/brainstructures.jpg Broken Bones. Discovery Channel School (2002). Retrieved August 1, 2007, from unitedstreaming: http://www.unitedstreaming.com/