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Lesson 19 WW II -- Global War, Global Strategy Lesson Objectives • Be able to recount the chains of events in the 1930's that led to the opening of hostilities in Europe and Asia . • Understand the genesis and significant features of the strategies of each major combatant: • Germany and Japan • Britain, France, Soviet Union, U.S. • Be able to recount and discuss the major events in World War II through the end of 1941. • Understand the role of the advances in military technology since the end of The Great War on the events of the first two years of World War II. Events September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland September 3, 1939 Britain, France declare war on Germany “Phony war” begins April 9, 1940 Germany invades Denmark & Norway May 10, 1940 Germany invades Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg May 27-29, 1940 Evacuation of Dunkirk June 4-22, 1940 Battle of France June 22, 1940 France Surrenders Britain Stands Alone “Very well, Alone!” Events September 27, 1940 Axis Tripartite Pact Meanwhile …. In the Western Pacific Japan had been at war with China since 1931 Japanese Expansion Empire of Japan - 1910 Conquest of Korea 1910 Second Sino-Japanese War 1937 - 1945 Japan had been at war with China since 1931 Conquest of Manchuria September 1931 Second Sino-Japanese War 1937 - 1945 Japan had been t war with China since 1931 Japanese Conquest 1937-1941 Nanking Massacre December 1937 “The Rape of Nanking” Over 300,000 people butchered Background Yangtze River Patrol US Navy had a presence on Yangtze River 1856-1941 • Fallout from the “Unequal Treaties” negotiated by Western powers after the Opium Wars (1839-1842 & 1856-1860) Yangtze Patrol began 1922 as part of US Asiatic Squadron • Protected US interests (shipping) along the river Attack on USS Panay December 12, 1937 USS Panay sinking - 12 Dec 1937 Attack on USS Panay December 12, 1937 2:15 : Preliminary Events Attack on Ship Sinking of Ship Thesis The grand scope of World War II was determined by a battle you never heard of fought before the war in Europe began. Japan’s Next Step After China Two factions in Japanese government • “Northern” Faction (Northern Strike Group) • Led by Army • Favored move north into USSR • “Southern” Faction (Southern Strike Group) • Led by Navy • Favored move south into Dutch East Indies Events July-August 1939 Battle of Khalkin Gol (Nomonhan) The most significant battle you’ve never heard of! A Events July-August 1939 Battle of Khalkin Gol (Nomonhan) Soviet victory Significance: • Japan abandoned northern strategy • Turned south • Set up confrontation with US • USSR able to divert resources toward the west and Germany • Established Gen. Georgi Zhukov as armor commander Reader’s Companion to Military History: Khalkin Gol Japan’s Path to War Increase in Militarism in Japanese society ( 5:50 ) Events July-August 1939 Battle of Khalkin Gol (Nomonhan) September 1, 1939 Germany Invades Poland A A World in Turmoil Arthur Szyk, 1941 Japan’s Path to War Increase in Militarism in Japanese society US moves Pacific Fleet to Hawaii (May 1940) Great East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere declared (Aug 1940) Move into northern French Indochina (Sep 1940) Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis formed (Tripartite Pact, Sep 1940) US embargos iron & steel exports to Japan (Sep 1940) Vichy government accedes to Japanese request for bases in southern Indochina (July 1941) Japan Occupies Indochina Japan’sSouthern Oil Lifeline 1941 Cam Ranh Bay (major fleet anchorage) . Japan’s Path to War Increase in Militarism in Japanese society US moves Pacific Fleet to Hawaii (May 1940) Great East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere declared (Aug 1940) Move into northern French Indochina (Sep 1940) Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis formed (Tripartite Pact, Sep 1940) US embargos iron & steel exports to Japan (Sep 1940) Vichy government accedes to Japanese request for bases in southern Indochina (July 1941) US embargos shipments of oil to Japan (Aug 1941) Japan’s Decision for War Japan’s Objective: Preeminence in Asia “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” Shortage of oil was the key to Japan's Grand Strategy Major consideration in preparing for war, yet Key reason for going to war Japan’s Decision for War By 1940, War in China had been dragging on for three years Growing size of Japanese military was draining scare resources Defeat at Khalkin Gol (1939) had discourage expansion into Siberia Japan saw a move to the south as its only option Would need to occupy, exploit Southeast Asia and East Indies Fall of Netherlands, France in May-June 1940 provided opportunity Planning for war with western powers began Summer 1940 Realized this might force confrontation with US Japan’s Decision for War Considered possibility of not going to war with US Initially believed: • War in Europe favored Japan’s position • Germany would never invade England , and • US would not focus on Japan with European war in doubt Finally convinced themselves US would go to war if they went south Japan’s Decision for War Japanese Strategy • Neutralize US Pacific fleet and threats from the Philippines • Establish defensive perimeter • Use new resources to build capability to defend indefinitely Felt US would be unwilling to pay cost of overcoming these defenses Felt US would compromise, allow Japan the dominant position in Asia Japan’s Decision for War Decision: Decisive preemptive attack on US Pacific fleet Based on expectation that US would rather negotiate than fight • Did not seek total defeat of US • Had no intention of invading • Planned to fight a war of limited objectives (Slide 4) Having secured objectives, Japan would set up a defense in depth Felt US would negotiate rather than fight a long, costly war Japan’s Decision for War Calculated Risk or Risky Calculation? Japanese Rationale Convinced by trade embargoes US was dedicated to thwarting Japan Felt Japan had no future without preeminence in Asia (PM Tojo et al) • Preeminence required going to war for resources • Japan needed to go to war while it still had the power (oil) • Believed defeat would be better than “humiliation and submission” Decision to go to war made July 2, 1941 by an Imperial Conference Japan’s Decision for War Calculated Risk or Risky Calculation? Japanese Miscalculations Did not anticipate US reaction to Pearl Harbor attack Assumed US would accept Japan’s limited war objectives Assumed they could keep the war limited One man’s limited war may be another man’s total war Japan’s Road to War Japan and the Quest for Oil ( 9:50 – 19:38 ) Pearl Harbor October 1941 Planning for attack began in January 1941 under Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto Story Behind the Movie Events December 7, 1941 US Pacific Fleet attacked at Pearl Harbor Japanese Decision to War Calculated risk? or Risky calculation? Instruments of National Power Diplomacy Information Military Economic Power Resolve What did the Japanese miss? Instruments of National Power Economic Power Allied and Axis GDP http://www.onwar.com/articles/f0302.htm Economic Power Wikipedia Instruments of National Power Diplomacy Information Military Economic Power Resolve What else did the Japanese miss? Instruments of National Power Diplomacy Information Military Resolve Economic Power Resolve What else did the Japanese miss? Japanese Decision to War "One can search military history in vain for an operation more fatal to the aggressor." Samuel Eliot Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. III, The Rising Sun in the Pacific To be continued … Lesson 20 WW II – 1940: Battle of Britain Lesson Objectives • Be able to describe and analyze the German strategy in the Battle of Britain. • Describe the impact of new technology on the Battle of Britain. • Begin to understand the implications of strategic air warfare in World War II. End