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fascism An authoritarian system of government characterized by dictatorial rule, extreme nationalism, disdain for civil society, and a conviction that imperialism and warfare are principal means by which a nation attains greatness. Exemplified by Hitler and Mussolini. National Socialist Party German political party led by Adolf Hitler, who became chancellor of Germany in 1933. Its ascent was fueled by huge World War I reparation payments, economic depression, fear of communism, labor unrest, and rising unemployment. Rome – Berlin Axis A political and military alliance formed in 1936 between German dictator Adolf Hitler and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, name for the capitals of their countries. Neutrality Act of 1935 Legislation that sought to avoid entanglement in foreign wars while protecting trade. It imposed an embargo on selling arms to warring countries and declared that Americans traveling on the ships of belligerent nations did so at their own risk. Munich Conference A meeting held in September 1938 during which Britain and France agreed to allow Germany to annex the Sudetenland—a German-speaking border area of Czechoslovakia—in return for Hitler’s pledge to seek no more territory. The decision was an attempt at appeasement. America First Committee A committee organized by isolationists in 1940 to oppose the entrance of the United States into World War II. The membership of the committee included senators, journalists, publishers, and well-respected figures such as the aviator Charles Lindbergh. Four Freedoms Identified by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as the most basic human rights. (Freedom of speech and worship and freedom from want and fear). The president used these ideas to justify support for England during World War II, which in turn pulled the United States into the war. Atlantic Charter After an historic August 1941 meeting between FDR and Churchill, a joint press release by both leaders called for economic cooperation, national selfdetermination, and guarantees of political stability after the war. War Powers Act The law that gave President Roosevelt unprecedented control over all aspects of the war effort during World War II. Executive Order 8802 An order signed by President Roosevelt in 1941 that prohibited “discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color, or national origin” and established the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC). Executive Order 9066 An order signed by President Roosevelt in 1941 that authorized the War Department to force Japanese Americans from their West Coast homes and hold them in relocation camps for the rest of the war. Manhattan Project Top-secret project authorized by FDR in 1942 to develop an atomic bomb ahead of the Germans. The Americans who worked on the project at Los Alamos, New Mexico, among other highly secretive sites around the country, succeeded in producing a successful atomic bomb by July 1945. Zuit Suit Riots Oversized clothing in fashion in the 1940s, particularly among young male Mexican Americans. In June 1943, a group of white sailors and soldiers in LA, seeking revenge for an earlier skirmish with Mexican American youths, attacked anyone they found wearing this type of clothing, causing riots. Charles A. Lindbergh American hero who had flown solo across the Atlantic in 1927. He became a vocal proponent of American isolationism, delivering impassioned speeches against U.S. interference in Europe. Winston Churchill British Prime Minister who followed Chamberlain into office in 1940. Fred Korematsu California born American citizen of Japanese ancestry who refused to report for internment following Executive Order 9066. His case went to the Supreme Court, which upheld the military authority to declare and manage war zones. Hideki Tojo General who became the Japanese war minister in 1940 and soon after formed a military alliance with Germany and Italy. His ultimate goal was to create a “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.”