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Allies Are Victorious Macdonald World History Setting the Stage Dec. 22, 1941 (just after Pearl Harbor) Pres. Roosevelt & Winston Churchill met to discuss strategy to win war Stalin joined Allied powers after Hitler attacked Asked Allies to attack Germany from East to force Hitler to divide troops North African Campaign German General Rommel conquered much of N. Africa in 1942 Allies sent General Bernard Montgomery to counter Rommel Fought in Battle of El Alamein in Egypt & w/ fresh British troops & supplies, Montgomery (Allies) forced Rommel to retreat Map North Africa North African Campaign After Allies pushed Rommel back, planned Operation Torch Huge Allied force (mostly American) landed in North Africa and US General Dwight D. Eisenhower led campaign that crushed Rommel’s force North Africa free of German control Battle for Stalingrad Hitler had broken non-aggression pact & invaded Soviet Union Advanced as far as Stalingrad, then Soviets started fighting back Hitler interested in Stalingrad b/c many oil fields and a major industrial center Battle of Stanlingrad Battle of Stalingrad began in 1942 Luftwaffe went on nightly bombing raids that set city on fire W/in 3 months, Hitler controlled 90% of city, but then winter set it In Nov, Soviets launched counterattack, surrounded the city and cut off supplies Germans cold, w/ no supplies & forced to surrendered Stalingrad Snipers Soviet Winter Invasion of Italy During Battle of Stalingrad, US & Britain decided to attack Italy Allied forces captured Sicily & forced Mussolini from power King Victor Emmanuel had Mussolini arrested and one month later, Italy surrendered to Allies Later Mussolini was found in a German truck trying to escape Next day, shot and body hung in Milan for all to see Picture of hanging Mussolini Mobilizing for War In Allied countries, all people helped w/ war effort (total war) In US, factories converted to wartime production – made guns, boots, etc. US rationed consumer goods to reserve them for war effort– incl. meat, sugar, rubber, soap, etc. – set speed limit at 35 mph All countries used propaganda War Limits Civil Rights Propaganda increased prejudice in US against Japanese Americans Japanese Americans suddenly seen as “the enemy” even if they and their parents/grandparents lived in the United States for decades Feb. 1942 Pres. Roosevelt issued executive order calling for the internment of Japanese Americans because they were considered a threat to the country War Limits Civil Rights Japanese started being rounded up and sent to restricted locations away from the coast Ordered to take one suitcase and report to gov’t Most furniture, appliances, boats, homes seized by gov’t and sold for profit Kept in internment camps for 4 years Many of these actually joined the armed forces and fought for US, but families still interred At end of war, released Later, US officially apologized Images of Japanese Internment Images of Japanese Internment Images of Japanese Internment D-Day Invasion 1943 Allies began secretly preparing for invasion of France Hitler knew attack was coming, but didn’t know where So US General Eisenhower set up a dummy army w/ headquarters & army down the coast from actual invasion site D-Day Invasion Operation Overlord or D-Day was largest land and sea attack in history – June 4, 1944 Allied troops fought there way onto a 60 mile stretch of beach in Normandy, France Germans fought back w/ machine guns, rocket launchers, cannons Both sides had thousands of deaths, but Allies held beach, pushed south and liberated France, Belgium and Luxembourg Video D-Day Battle of the Bulge While Allies pushing from east toward Germany, Soviets moving toward Germany from west Hitler wanted to attack on the west to interrupt the supply lines gong to the Soviet Union Attacked Americans in December along 75 mile front Called Battle of the Bulge b/c pushed a bulge into the Allied lines Allies fought back and pushed the Germans back Map Battle of the Bulge Germany’s Unconditional Surrender 3 million Allies rolled into Germany from west 6 million Soviets rolled into Germany from east Attacked the city with gunfire Meanwhile, Hitler went to underground headquarters & on April 29 maried girlfriend Eva Braun Next day, both committed suicide Bodies were carried outside and burned Germany’s Unconditional Surrender May 7, 1945 General Eisenhower accepted unconditional surrender from Nazis Pros. Roosevelt died before surrender, though, & Harry Truman became pres. US & other Allies celebrated V-E day (Victory in Europe Day) on May 9, 1945 Japanese Retreat Meanwhile, Allies moving in on Japan Oct 1944 Allies landed on Leyte Gulf in the Phillippines w/in 4 days Japanese navy lost, Left only kamikazes or Japanese suicide pilots to fight Americans Kamikazes would sink Allied ships by crash diving bomb filled planes into US ships Kamikaze Attacks Kamikaze Attacks Kamikaze Attacks Japanese Retreat April 1945, US troops moved onto Japanese island of Okinawa One of the bloodiest land battles ever ensued At end, Japanese lost 100,000 troops and the Americans lost 12,000 US now close enough to Japan to drop bombs Japanese Surrender In US atomic bomb (new powerful weapon) was developed by the top secret Manhattan Project First bomb successfully exploded in desert of new Mexico Pres. Truman warned that if US invaded Japan on land, ½ million Allied lives would be lost, so he decided to drop atomic bombs on them instead Images Atomic Bomb Damage 3 Hours After Bomb Hit Destruction After the Bomb Images Atomic Bomb Damage Japanese Surrender Pres. Truman sent message to Japanese and told them unless they surrendered, they could expect a “rain of ruin from the air” He received no response Aug 6, 1945 US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima 70,000 – 80,000 ppl died immediately, thousands more died from effects of the bomb Aug. 7, US dropped another bomb on Nagasaki Sept 2, Japan surrendered to the United States After the War I1945 – 1946 22 Nazis put on trial in the Nuremberg Trials for crimes against humanity Many committed suicide before the trial, 10 others were committed to death and hanged US forced Japanese to demilitarize (disbanded Japanese military) democratize (create a democratic gov’t w/ a constitution based on the constitution of the Untied States)