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Opening Question (4/19) • Why did the Holocaust occur? • What are some other examples of genocide that have occurred in the 20th century? – Why does genocide occur in the world? – Do you think that there will come a day when genocide will no longer happen? • Vocabulary: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights = Issued in 1948 to protect the “inherent dignity and the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family” Plan for the Day • • • • 1. Review HW 2. Discuss Outcomes of WWII 3. Review War in Europe for Test 4. ABC Brainstorm Review for Test – TEST is next class • Will have some big important info on Imperialism, WWI, and the Interwar years as well • You will have a binder check next class as well, please be ready. (No more taking 15-20 minutes to get it ready… either you have it or you don’t…) The outcomes of World War II included the war crimes trials, the division of Europe, plans to rebuild Germany and Japan, and the establishment of international cooperative organizations. • WWII was a global military conflict that, in terms of lives lost and material destruction, was the most devastating war in human history. It began in 1939 as a European conflict between Germany and an Anglo-French coalition but eventually included most of the nations of the world. It ended in 1945, leaving a new world order dominated by the U.S. and the USSR. • More than any previous war, World War II involved the commitment of nations’ entire human and economic resources, the blurring of the distinction between combatant and noncombatant, and the expansion of the battlefield to include all of the enemy’s territory. The most important determinants of its outcome were industrial capacity and personnel. In the last stages of the war, two radically new weapons were introduced: the long-range rocket and the atomic bomb. Human Losses: • The human cost of the war fell heaviest on the USSR, for which the official total, military and civilian, is given as more than 20 million killed. The Allied military and civilian losses were 44 million; those of the Axis, 11 million. The military deaths on both sides in Europe numbered 19 million and in the war against Japan, 6 million. The U.S., which had no significant civilian losses, sustained 292,131 battle deaths and 115,187 deaths from other causes. • The highest numbers of deaths, military and civilian, were as follows: USSR more than 13,000,000 military and 7,000,000 civilian; China 3,500,000 and 10,000,000; Germany 3,500,000 and 3,800,000; Poland 120,000 and 5,300,000; Japan 1,700,000 and 380,000; Yugoslavia 300,000 and 1,300,000; Romania 200,000 and 465,000; France 250,000 and 360,000; British Empire and Commonwealth 452,000 and 60,000; Italy 330,000 and 80,000; Hungary 120,000 and 280,000; and Czechoslovakia 10,000 and 330,000. Human Losses: • The human cost of the war fell heaviest on the USSR, for which the official total, military and civilian, is given as more than 20 million killed. The Allied military and civilian losses were 44 million; those of the Axis, 11 million. The military deaths on both sides in Europe numbered 19 million and in the war against Japan, 6 million. The U.S., which had no significant civilian losses, sustained 292,131 battle deaths and 115,187 deaths from other causes. • The highest numbers of deaths, military and civilian, were as follows: USSR more than 13,000,000 military and 7,000,000 civilian; China 3,500,000 and 10,000,000; Germany 3,500,000 and 3,800,000; Poland 120,000 and 5,300,000; Japan 1,700,000 and 380,000; Yugoslavia 300,000 and 1,300,000; Romania 200,000 and 465,000; France 250,000 and 360,000; British Empire and Commonwealth 452,000 and 60,000; Italy 330,000 and 80,000; Hungary 120,000 and 280,000; and Czechoslovakia 10,000 and 330,000. Perhaps the most significant casualty over the long term was the world balance of power. Britain, France, Germany, and Japan ceased to be great powers in the traditional military sense, leaving only two, the U.S. and the Soviet Union. What were the outcomes of World War II? 1. European powers’ loss of empires 2. Establishment of two major powers in the world: The United States and the U.S.S.R. What were the outcomes of World War II? 3. War Crime Trials: Nuremberg Trials Series of trials, or tribunals, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany, held in Nuremberg, Germany from 1945 to 1946 at the Palace of Justice. Nuremberg What were the outcomes of World War II? 4. Division of Europe – Iron Curtain The symbolic, ideological, and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of WWII in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. Iron Curtain The term was popularized by Winston Churchill’s “Sinews of Peace” address, March 5, 1946, at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, used in the context of Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe: “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an "iron curtain" has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.” What were the outcomes of World War II? On both sides of the Iron Curtain, the states developed their own international economic and military alliances: 5. Formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact. What were the outcomes of World War II? 6. Marshall Plan Officially: The European Recovery Program It was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger foundation for the countries of Western Europe, and repelling communism after World War II. Operating for four years beginning in April of 1948, the US gave some 13 billion in economic and technical assistance to help the recovery of countries that had joined the Organization for European Economic Co-operation (adopting the principles of representative democracy and free-market economy.. What were the outcomes of World War II? 7. Establishment of the United Nations An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights and achieving world peace. Founded in 1945 to replace the League of Nations. Headquartered in NYC, there are currently 192 member states, including nearly every recognized independent state in the world. What were the outcomes of World War II? 8. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Issued in 1948 to protect the “inherent dignity and the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family” Efforts for reconstruction of Germany • Democratic government installed in West Germany and West Berlin • Germany and Berlin divided among the four Allied powers • Emergence of West Germany as an economic power in postwar Europe • The Berlin Wall was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), including East Berlin. • There also existed a longer inner German border demarcating the border between East and West Germany. • Both borders came to symbolize the Iron Curtain between Western Europe and the Eastern Bloc. • The wall remained more than a quarter of a century, from 13 Aug. 1961 until 9 Nov. 1989. • During this time, at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the Wall into West Berlin. • The Berlin Blockade, aka the “German hold-up” lasted from 24 June 1948 until 11 May 1949. • It was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. • The Soviet Union blocked the Western force’s railway and road access to the western sectors of Berlin so that west Berlin would be forced to rely on the Soviet Union for food and fuel, thereby giving them nominal control over the entire city. • In response, the Western Allies formed the Berlin Airlift to bring supplies to the people of Berlin. • The German capital of Berlin was located 100 miles inside the Soviet occupation zone… • The United States and the British Royal Air Force flew over 200,000 flights that provided 13,000 tons of food daily.