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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Tojo http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1953/churchill-bio.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt World War Looms Chapter 16 Section 1: Section 2: Section 3: Section 4: Dictators Threaten World Peace War in Europe The Holocaust (Covered in Chapter 17) America Moves Toward War Naval Expansion Act of 1938 Vinson Naval Act • Authorized spending $1 billion over 10 years • Create a two-ocean Navy – Strong enough to deal with Japan in the Pacific – Strong enough to deal with Germany in the Atlantic • Shows changing attitudes in America – Still oppose war but realize the need for a strong defense U.S. Moves Cautiously Away From Neutrality • Neutrality Act of 1939 – Cash and Carry: Goods are sold only if they are paid for in full and transported by the country that bought them • Britain and France could obtain munitions they need to defeat Germany • U.S. ships wouldn’t be put in danger in European war zones • Bill is paid in full. One way to avoid the war debts that troubled economies and foreign relations from WWI Destroyers Deal • The U.S. gave Britain 50 old Destroyers in exchange for a 99 year, rent-free leases on various possessions in Canada and the Caribbean http://www.navsource.org/Naval/deal.htm Tripartite Pact September 1940 • Mutual Defense Treaty between Germany, Italy and Japan • Alliance known as the Axis Powers • Goal was to keep the U.S. out of the war by creating a situation in which the U.S. would have to fight a two-ocean war if they declared war on one of the three countries Selective Training and Service Act President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Selective Service Training Act in 1940. • 1st peacetime program of compulsory military draft • All men 21 to 36 must register for the draft • 16 million registered, 1 million would be drafted for service in the Western Hemisphere Election of 1940 • Roosevelt runs for an Unprecedented 3rd Term – Causes controversy • Wendell Willkie – – Republican Candidate http://www.authentichistory.com/1930s/fdr/images01.html • Little difference in candidates’ platforms – Both supported aide to Britain – Both promised to keep the nation out of war • 22nd Amendment – sets a term limit for President of the United States http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1940 Election of 1940 http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail358.html Lend-Lease Plan • By Dec. 1940, Cash and Carry wasn’t working because Britain was short on cash and Germany was attacking many of the shipments • Lend-Lease gives the U.S. authority to lend or lease war equipment to countries whose defense is vital to U.S. security • Allows the U.S. to avoid loans Germany Invades the Soviet Union • June 21, 1941 • Hitler breaks the non-aggression pact • U.S. extends Lend-Lease to the Soviets Click on links to view maps of World War II http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/axis.htm http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/ww2-eto.htm Hitler’s 2nd Mistake • Breaks Non-Aggression Pact with Soviets 4 Reasons the German Conquest of the Soviet Union was unsuccessful • • • • Too Big Too Cold Too Many People Two Front War German Wolf Packs A Menace • German U-boat attacks prevented supplies from reaching the British and Soviets • German Wolf Packs were groups of 40 submarines that patrolled the North Atlantic coast searching for convoys of ships • Roosevelt grants U.S. Naval ships to shoot back in self defense • Eventually the menace would be contained using U-889 surrenders at Nova Scotia – Electronic detection techniques (radar and sonar) – Airborne antisubmarine patrols http://www.uboat.net/gallery/index.html?gallery=U889 Tour German U-boat http://www.msichicago.org/whats-here/exhibits/u-505/ The Atlantic Charter • Roosevelt and Churchill meet off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada and sign the Atlantic Charter – a joint declaration of war aims – – – – – Collective Security Disarmament Self-Determination Economic Cooperation Freedom of the Seas • Sets the basis for the Declaration of the United Nations • Roosevelt will not ask Congress to declare war on Germany, however. Shoot on Sight • After more u-boat attacks Roosevelt orders a “Shoot on Sight” order to the Navy. • Unofficial Warfare • We are at war with Germany Japan’s Ambitions in the Pacific • General Tojo comes to power • Japan invaded China in 1937 • U.S. remains neutral http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/axis.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Tojo Panay Incident • Dec. 1937 – Japanese bombers sank the U.S. gunboat Panay and 3 oil tankers in China • The U.S. government demanded an apology and reparations. In addition they wanted a guarantee that nothing like it would happen again. • The Japanese agree and the matter is dropped • Japan is not ready to go to war with the U.S. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panay_incident Deterioration in U.S. / Japanese Relations • Japanese troops move against Soviet troops on border of Manchuria • Japan seeks recognition of conquests in China • Trade w/ U.S. goes to a day-to day basis • Japanese establish government in China • Demands rights in French Indochina • Tripartite Agreement Signed • Roosevelt calls home Americans in the Far East • Roosevelt puts an embargo on scrap iron and oil Peace Talks Are Questioned • • • • Tojo makes plans to attack the U.S. U.S. know an attack is coming U.S. doesn’t know WHERE or WHEN U.S. receives a coded message from Japan • 14 pages, slow typist, attack comes before message is delivered December 7, 1941 “A Date Which Will Live in Infamy” • • • • Holiday Season Sunday Low Alert Peace Time Listen to speech @ http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5166/ Attack on Pearl Harbor http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29055379 Go to the link above for an interactive map view of the attack on Pearl Harbor http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/pearlhbr/pearlhbr.htm Japanese Targets • Battleships – Hit U.S.S. Arizona – (Demolished / Some later repaired) • Air Bases - Hit • Air Craft Carriers – Missed http://www.ussarizona.org/historical-gallery/index.html – Out to sea • Floating Dry Docks - Missed • Fuel Dumps - Missed http://www.cv6.org/1933/1933.htm U.S.S. Enterprise http://history1900s.about.com/library/photos/blyindexpearl.htm U.S.S. Arizona Memorial • 1,177 Men were killed on the U.S.S. Arizona http://www.nps.gov/usar/ http://www.ussarizona.org Hitler’s 3rd Mistake • Declared War on the United States