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World War II Important Events AXIS VS. ALLIES AXIS POWERS GERMANY ITALY JAPAN ALLIED POWERS BRITAIN UNITED STATES SOVIET UNION HITLER GAINS TERRITORY 1936 RHINELAND (b/w France & Germany, violates treaty of Versailles) 1938 ANNEXES AUSTRIA (violates Treaty of Versailles) Munich Conference 9/29/38-Britain & France agree to let Germany take Sudetenland APPEASEMENT Allies give into Hitler to avoid war & keep peace 1939 takes ALL CZECHOSLOVAKIA!!! Non-Aggression Pact Hitler & Stalin sign pact promising to not attack each other Secret part of pact: DIVIDE POLAND Hitler could add to his Third Reich in Eastern Europe without opposition from Soviet Union BLITZKRIEG Germany Invades Poland WWII begins on September 1, 1939 when Hitler invades Poland Hitler’s “lightning war” Fast, quick attacks taking enemy by surprise France & Great Britain declare war on Germany 2 days later Poland easily falls to Germany within weeks, followed by invasion by Soviet Union Phony War & Maginot Line Phony War: end 1939-beginning 1940 no real fighting occurred (Hitler planning) Maginot Line: 125 mile long fortification along French/German border Built after WWI to protect France’s eastern border w/ Germany French think this will protect them Hitler attacks France from north instead of going thru the Maginot line Fall of France & Miracle at Dunkirk Germany conquers Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands & attacks France from North (going around Maginot line thru the Ardennes forest w/ tanks) Miracle of Dunkirk (May 26-June 4 1940) 370,000 French, British, Belgian soldiers pushed back to small French beach Dunkirk Every British boat (battleships to row boats) spends days crossing back & forth over English channel Attacks by Germans in the air Rescue 338,000 soldiers!!! France surrenders in June 1940 Puppet gov’t set up in city of Vichy Charles de Gaulle (French general) set up gov’t-in-exile in London & was committed to reconquering France Battle of Britain Luftwaffe (German air force) begins bombing airfields British have radar to detect German attacks RAF (British Royal Air Force) is outnumbered but fights Luftwaffe & inflicts much damage Hitler orders attacks on British cities to force surrender Over 30,000 civilians killed Cities destroyed, people hiding in underground subways, children evacuated from cities, gasmasks British will & determination stays strong & British win Battle of Britain!!! Battle of the Atlantic Same time as Battle of Britain German U-Boats attempt to sink food/war supplies from U.S. Uboats travel in packs of 15-20 Convoys (cargo ships accompanied by warships w/ radar for protection) Operation Barbarossa June 1941, Hitler breaks nonaggression pact & invades Soviet Union Codename: Operation Barbarossa Soviets shocked, Germans advance Battle of Leningrad-brutal, Hitler tries to starve out Russians, 1 million die, city does NOT fall Hitler turns his attention to Moscow (capital) Soviets burn everything (scorched earth… like Napoleon!) During winter many Germans poorly equipped, freeze & starve to death Battle of Stalingrad 1942-43 Nearly 1 million dead (most Russian) Germany bombs city, fighting in rubble Freezing Russian winter wrecks Germans Not enough supplies Many freeze & starve to death Typhus, suicide, cannibalism…horrible conditions Russians win b/c of the long winter MAJOR turning point of WWII Halts Hitler’s eastern expansion, again showing Germany is not invincible, pushes them back North Africa & Erwin Rommel Mussolini (Italy) trying to conquer much of Africa Ethiopia 1935 (revenge?) Want Suez Canal (controlled by British) If control the Suez Canal, Italy will control the Mediterranean Mussolini fails Germany comes to help Italy, leader: General Rommel=“Desert Fox” He & his Afrika Korps (along w/ panzer tanks & air support) push back the British, many victories El Alamein & The Atlantic Charter Rommel’s advance in Africa is stopped in Egypt at El Alamein British & Americans (Allies) save Suez Canal, invade Northern Africa, drive Rommel & Germans out!!!!! 1941 Atlantic Charter: American President Franklin D. Roosevelt & British Prime Minister Winston Churchill meet Discuss end of war, lay foundation for the United Nations Invasion of Italy 1943 Allied troops invade Italy (beginning w/ Sicily) Mussolini is overthrown, rescued by Germany, captured, executed (1945) Italians want to surrender & demand peace Germany takes over control of war operations in Italy Fighting between Allies & Germany is very bloody Allies slowly gain, take over Rome June 4, 1944 Italy is 1st Axis power to fall!!! D-DAY INVASION Allies plan attack to retake France & Europe back from the grasp of Nazis Largest land and sea attack in HISTORY! June 6, 1944: American, British, French, Canadian troops invade the beaches of France Over 3 million troops Germans hid behind concrete walls firing w/ machine guns, rocket launchers, cannons Huge casualties: Allies 10,000, Germans 4000-9000 Major turning point in war: Germany is on retreat By September Allies take back France, Belgium, Luxembourg…time to invade Germany War in the pacific Japan Invades China Japan gives gov’t power to military Emperor Hirohito is figurehead Wanted to solve Japan’s economic problems through expansion (raw materials,new markets) 1931-Japan invades Manchuria (NE China, has natural resources) 1937-full invasion of China, easy victory Rape of Nanking December 1937-Japanese soldiers invade the city Murder over 200,000 civilians, rape thousands PEARL HARBOR “A day that will live in infamy” Japan realized it needed to destroy American Pacific navy to achieve goal of empire in the Pacific “a dagger point at Japan’s throat”-Admiral Yamamoto Dec. 7, 1941 Japan attacks U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor Hawaii Destroy 200 planes,19 ships (8 battleships) Killed 2,400 Americans Isolationism (stay out of other political affairs of other countries) is no longer popular feeling in U.S. Franklin D. Roosevelt asks Congress to declare war on Japan (Dec. 8) 2 days later, Italy & Germany (Axis Powers) declare war on U.S. Japan Advances its Empire Label the following: China French Indochina Hawaii (Pearl Harbor) Hong Kong Guam Thailand Dutch East Indies Burma New Guinea ***Coral Sea ***Midway ***Guadalcanal Bataan Death March Japanese take over Philippines, Allies retreat to Bataan Peninsula Allies (Americans & Filipinos) taken as POWs, forced to march 50 miles, brutal treatment Died of fatigue, shot, stabbed, bury soldiers alive Thousands die Camps Horrible conditions, starvation, lack of medical supplies, torture Some Japanese who committed horrible acts were tried and punished after war Doolittle Raid & Japanese Internment U.S. wants revenge for Pearl Harbor Lieutenant Doolittle plans air attack on Tokyo Though bombs do little damage, this raid becomes boosts morale for America Japan is vulnerable to attack Japanese Internment 1942 FDR orders all Japanese living in America to be moved to relocation camps Fear that they would assist Japanese invasion Lost homes & property Battles of Coral Sea & Midway 2 battles after the Doolittle Raid challenged Japan’s march in Pacific Battle of Coral Sea May 1942 U.S. stopped Japan’s invasion of Australia Battle of Midway June 1942 U.S. had crack Japanese naval codes, knew they were coming America destroyed 332 Japanese planes, 20 Japanese ships Turning point in war in Pacific-Japanese on defensive, U.S. on offensive MacArthur, Island Hopping, & Guadalcanal Japan had taken over hundreds of islands General Douglas MacArthur, commander of Allied forces in Pacific Plan-island hop past islands strongholds & takeover islands closer to Japan Guadalcanal 1942-huge losses on both sides, U.S. wins “island of death” Kamikazes “Bushido” (ancient warrior code)- death in battle is honor, surrender is disgrace Fall 1944-Japanese pilots suicide attacks on American ships Honor to die for Emperor Hirohito Planes loaded with explosives to inflict most damage Battle of Okinawa-1000 Kamikaze pilots sank or damaged 400 ships How to defeat an enemy who would rather die? Huge casualties if war continued Atomic Bomb Experts predicted that half a million Americans and 2 million Japanese would die in an invasion of Japan to end war “Manhattan Project” American, German, Japanese scientists were racing to perfect atom bomb July 1945 U.S. successfully tests a-bomb President Harry Truman decides to drop bomb Aug 6, 1945 dropped on HIROSHIMA (80,000 dead) Aug 9, 1945 dropped on NAGASAKI (40,000 dead) Many more die later from radiation sickness, etc.-brutal August 14, 1945 Japan surrenders…WWII ENDS