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Transcript
10.8 Students analyze the causes and consequences of World War II. CH 29 The Collapse of the Old Order 1929 - 1949 The BIG PICTURE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Global depression (Great Depression) Benito Mussolini in Italy Adolph Hitler in Germany Stalin in Russia (Animal Farm guy) WWI-Europe WWI-How does Japan Fit in?? Holocaust Vs. Japanese Internment The new warfare (holocaust and nukes) The Global Economic Depression • Oct. 29, 1929 – • New York banks • Tariffs, like the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, are passed and decrease world trade by 62% from 1929 – 1932 • President Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) “NEW DEAL” for the United States. Depression in other nations • France and Britain Colonies • Japan and Germany • India and China • Southern Africa Mussolini’s Italian Fascism • Benito Mussolini and the “Brown Shirts” • Established the fascist party • Fascism – • Imitated in Europe, Latin America, China, and Japan. Hitler’s Fascist Germany • Depression and hyperinflation in Germany • Hitler was Austrian born, WWI veteran, who became the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi’s). • 1925 he is put in jail where he writes Mein Kamph (My Struggle) • Nazis gain support • 1933 Hitler assumes the post of Chancellor • 1934 declares himself Fuher of the “Third Reich” • Creates jobs, builds a military, and gets Germany out of the Depression. The Stalin Revolution • Elimination of Leon Trotsky – Oct. 1928 = 5 Year Plans – Collectivization – • 1933-34 “Terror Famine in the Ukraine” • Second 5 year plan (1933 – 37) • 1933-38- THE PURGES• SHOW TRIALS 1936-38 Stalin's tactics • Force--• NKVD • Citizens support • Pay off? WWII Begins • WWII introduces motorized weapons (aircraft and aircraft carriers) • Blitzkrieg – “Lightning War” • Britain “appeasement” Event 1: The Czechoslovakia Crisis Event 1: The Czechoslovakia Crisis Problem: Hitler wants it. Solution: US, Great Britain and France, meet at the Munich Conference to decided what to do about Hitler. Event 1: The Czechoslovakia Crisis • • • • Great Britain: C– France: C-Soviet Union: D—United States: B— Italy: B – Event 2: Violation of the Munich Pact Event 2: Violation of the Munich Pact • Great Britain: C—Did NOT Respond • France:C—Followed Britain's Lead – Hoped for the best –end to Germany takeover of territory • Soviet Union: A—Changed foreign policy • Developed a “friendship” with Germany • United States: E– Stays Neutral. Still Isolationist • Italy: C- Military too weak to get involved. Event 3: Invasion of Poland!!! Event 3: Invasion of Poland!!! • • • • Great Britain: E France: E –Soviet Union: D United States: AItaly: A – Event 4: Invasion of France • • • • • • • Great Britain:E— France: DIVIDED Vichy (German) France B: Free France: E— Soviet Union: F United States: C– Italy: F – Event 5: The Battle of Britain Event 5: The Battle of Britain • • • • • • Great Britain: B Vichy France: C – Free France B – Soviet Union C – United States: E – Italy: C – Event 6: Invasion of the Soviet Union! Event 6: Invasion of the Soviet Union! • • • • • • Great Britain: D— Vichy France: A— Free France: F— Soviet Union: B United States: D— Italy: A – Event 7: Operation Torch U.S. and British troops landing at Event 7: Operation Torch • • • • • • Great Britain: A – Vichy France: F Free France: B – Soviet Union: C – United States: A – Italy: F –. Event 8: Operation Overlord (D-Day- Invasion of Normandy) Event 8: Operation Overlord (D-Day- Invasion of Normandy) • Great Britain: A – Organizes 83,000 troops from GB and Canada • United States: A – Contribute 73,000 soldiers Attack on the beaches of Normandy France • Vichy France: A – Taken over • Free France: A – Help in the Battle • Soviet Union: C – Fought on Eastern front soon to meet Allied Powers in the Middle • Italy: A – – Italy taken over. Mussolini flees to Germany. Event 8: Operation Overlord (D-Day- Invasion of Normandy) • • • • • • Great Britain: A – United States: A – Vichy France: A – Free France: A – Soviet Union: C – Italy: A – – End to the War in Europe • June 1944-D-day: • Dec. 1944-Battle of the Bulge: • March 1945. Allied soldiers approached Berlin on the West and Soviets approached on the East. • May 7, 1945: Eisenhower receives unconditional surrender from Germany • May 8, 1945: V-E Day- Victory in Europe Day – Official Surrender signed in Berlin Nuremberg Trails • • • Nooses Over the Dining Table General Hap Arnold set out a dining table for the accused at Nuremberg, complete with nooses. The Allies put members of the Nazi group on trial In the 1st trials 22 leaders “Crime against humanity.” The bodies of the executed were burned at Dachau concentration camp. Post War Plan in Europe • Germany is split into TWO by the Allies – West under United States, Great Britain and France control – East controlled by the Soviet Union • United Nations is Created: – 48 countries protect each other from aggression • What sorts of problems do you see arising out of this set up? How does Japan fit into WWII? Emperor Hirohito What do you think Japan’s Motives are? • Land, resources and capital (POWER!) Japan’s Role in WWI: • 1920’s tried a democracy • Problem #1: • Problem #2: – Military Rule- Japanese Military Men Japan Military Goals: 1. 2. Take over China and Asian Pacific Start through Manchuria : Manchurian Incident 1931 1. 2. 3. Japan Challenges China in Manchuria Take over Shanghi Why easily taken??? China Civil War Problem: • League of Nations • Japan 3.Sino Japanese War -Go after Bejing to work on economic issues causing RAPE OF NANKING 4. Continue to strike through South Pacific to increase resources and land!!! The Rape of Nanking • On December 13 of 1937, the Japanese Imperial Army marched into China’s capital city of Nanking and murdered over half of the population. All in all over 300,000 men women and children were brutally killed. This horrible event lasted until March of 1938. • The Rape of Nanking was a horrible event that was promoted by the Japanese government. After the murder of the POW they focused their animalistic hurt on the women of Nanking. From young girls of 8 to older women of 70 they were all sexually abused. Pregnant women were not spared. • In some instances after pregnant women were raped they had their bellies slit open and the fetuses torn out. Sometimes after storming into a house and encountering a whole family the Japanese forced Chinese men to rape their own daughters, sons to rape their mothers and brothers their sisters, while the whole family was forced to watch. • The soldiers also used bayonets , machine guns, live burial and fire. Decapitation was also a popular way to kill Chinese heads were fed to dogs. Women were raped, forced to perform bizarre sexual acts then Killed. Fathers were forced to rape their daughters, and sons, their mothers. Chinese men were forced to rape corpses. Competitions took place among the Japanese soldiers to see how many Chinese they could kill in one day • This disgusting act occurred in the capital of China Nanking U S Involvement • In exchange for their research on germ warfare and human biology, the murderous actions of the Japanese in China and elsewhere in the Pacific would be ignored. That is why today most of us do not know about the horrible events that happened in Nanking. Destruction of cities • The majority of cities in Europe suffered from destruction during the war. Warsaw the capital of Poland was almost completely wiped out. • Most cities we left with no water, electricity, or food. After war Frankfurt Residents Standing Among Ruins Original caption: Residents of Frankfurt sit Amid the bomb-blasted ruins of the City's old Romerberg, listening over loudspeakers to the address of Willi Knothe, chariman of the Socialist Democratic Party, July 6. • Agriculture was almost wiped out. • The transportation system was destroyed. • Thousands of people died of famine and disease after the war ended. China’s response to the Japanese • Although divided due to political leadership they fought against Japanese with no foreign support • Chainge Kai Shek– fought Japanese army but was too weak. Fled to mountains—builds up an army 3 million men • Moa– built up an army too and government • Once Sino-Japanese war was over who do you suppose had the popular support? Why? Chinese Civil War & Communist Victory • Japanese surrender in September of 1945 and leave China then a civil war between the Guomingdong and the Communist lasts until 1949 • Guonmingdong is supported by the USA • Communist got equipment from the Soviets • Oct. 1, 1949 Mao Zedong announces the founding of the Peoples Republic of China • Chaing Kia Shek and the Guongmingdong forces are driven to Taiwan. Japan Becomes a Threat to the US! • August 1940 cracking of secret code!! Problem: – (Philippines and Guam) • Japan takes French Indo-China • If you were the President of the US what would you do now? Japan sees the U.S. as a threat!! • Isoroku Yamamoto: • Sees Pearl Harbor as “…a dagger at our throat!!!” • What does he mean by this? • Dec. 7 1941 • In 2 hours, 10 ships, 8 battle ships, and 2,400 men are gone!! Japan and its Victories • Jan. 1942: • Philippines, Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore, East Indies, Java, Sumatra, Burma, and Borneo • 1 Million Square Miles of land • 150 million people controlled Military General Douglas Macarthur • Plans to Squeeze the Japanese • Military tactic: Island Hopping “Hit them where they ain’t …let them die on the vine…” Iwo Jima • March 1945 Americans took Iwo Jima 660 miles from Tokyo. • April 1st troops moved into Okinawa only 350 miles from southern Japan. • June 22nd the bloodiest land battle ended battle portion of war How does the U.S. end this?? • President Truman had a decision to make• either send US troops into Japan with the possibility with losing ½ a million lives • Or drop the bomb. • The A-bomb was during the top secret Manhattan Project. • What would you do? A-Bomb Cont. • Truman warned the Japanese, they did not reply, so on August 6, 1945 the US dropped the bomb on Hiroshima killing 73,000 people. • Three days later the US launched the second bomb on Nagasaki killing around 37,000 people. • Japan surrendered to General Douglas MacArthur on September 2nd on the US battle ship the Missouri outside of Tokyo Bay Hiroshima Nagasaki Effects of Japan’s Defeat • U.S. occupies Japan •Japan to Demilitarize •U.S. provides $ 2 Billion in Aide • American Political Advisors create a constitution •Emperors Powers Reduced •Constitutional Monarchy •Two-house Parliament • Men and Women over the age of 20 can vote Enemies Become Allies!! Post War Plan in Europe • Germany is split into TWO by the Allies – West under United States, Great Britain and France control – East controlled by the Soviet Union • United Nations is Created: – 48 countries protect each other from aggression • What sorts of problems do you see arising out of this set up? Post War: US • Emerges as the richest most powerful nation on earth • Why do you think that is? • 400,000 Americans were killed • None of the fighting was done on US soil Post War: Soviet Union (USSR) • 1 in 4 soviets was wounded or killed in WW II • The USSR suffered 400 times more deaths than the United States • Many of the Soviet cities were demolished • With all this devastation, how do you think the Soviet Union is still able to be a superpower in the world? Post War Goals of the Super Powers List the goals you think each would have 1. 2. 3. 4. United Encourage democracy in other countries States Gain access to raw materials (remember Imperialism) in other countries Rebuild European governments to create markets for American goods Reunite Germany 1. 2. 3. 4. USSR Encourage communism in other countries Rebuild It’s war ravaged economy using Eastern Europe's industrial equipment Control Eastern Europe to protect the Soviet Union boarders Keep Germany divided to prevent it from waging war again. How might each countries goals create So now that the war is over and the Allies have split up Germany what next? Develop the: United Nations • June 1945 - 48 countries ally to protect against aggressors • “General Assembly”- peace keeping group each who could cast a vote in decisions • “Security Council” 11 members had the power to investigate and settle disputes • The 5 permanent members-Britain, China, France, the USA , and the USSR. • Who do you think hold the most power? UN: Based out of New York. Why do you suppose that is? The Holocaust • Nazi policy of systematically killing civilians – – – – – – Jews Polish Catholics Homosexuals Jehovah Witness’s Gypsies The handicapped • Hitler’s goals was to achieve “racial purity” of the Aryan people through the “final solution” Holocaust Review: Stages 1. Stage One: Identification of the Jewish people 2. Kristallnact- Night of the broken glass 3. Isolating the Jewish-Ghettos 4. Labor Camps 5. Final Solutions--Genocide Jewish People of the Holocaust • Tagged Jewish people with the Star of David • Placed them into the Ghettostaking all of their possessions • Jews were used in factories and labor camps for the war effort • If they could not work they were executed • Later the Jewish people were placed into Death Camps • Families separated- children taken • Final Solution- GENOCIDEethnic cleansing of an entire population!!! Jewish Casualties Country Original Population Number Murdered % That Survived Poland 3.3 Million 3 Million 10% Soviet Union 2.85 Million 1.25 Million 56% Hungary 650 Thousand 450 Thousand 30 % Romania 600 Thousand 300 Thousand 50% Germany/ Austria 240 Thousand 200 Thousand 16% The Home Front • In Europe and Asia civilians were in as much danger as the military – Executive Order 9066 placed all western state Japanese-Americans in internment camps • War itself damaged the environment and increased production caused pollution Public Notice Notices are posted that all persons with Japanese ancestry must register with the government These registries are later used for evacuations Enemy Aliens are Arrested Evacuation!! Ouster= The act of ejecting or forcing out Relocation Camp Locations Japanese-owned Businesses • For thousands of Japanese American homeowners and small businessmen, moving out also meant selling out — quickly, and at an enormous loss. The total dollar value of the property loss has been estimated at as much as 1.3 billion dollars. Net income losses may have been as high as 2.7 billion dollars (both in 1983 dollars). Many store owners lost their businesses as a result of the internment Farming Loss • Lawrence Hewes, regional director of the Farm Security Administration, charged with confiscating or selling Japanese land holdings, said FSA field agents had registered 6000 farms totaling approximately 200,000 acres. The FSA received applications to acquire vacated farms from more than 2000 farmers. Hewes said more than 1000 Japanese farms, totaling 50,000 acres, were transferred to new owners during March 1942. American Perceptions of the Japanese “A Jap's a Jap. It makes no difference whether the Jap is a citizen or not." — General John L. DeWitt, Commander, Western Defense Command, 1942 “HOT” events of the “COLD” WAR The War of science • Huge death toll and vast numbers of refugees. Unprecedented human suffering. • Development of synthetic rubber and radar • Cryptanalysis and antibiotics (penicillin) • Aircraft, missiles, and atomic weapons • Bombing raids were not limited to military targets • Fire bombing was used in cities to break the citizens moral