Download Chapter Twenty-Seven: The Global Crisis, 1921–1941

Chapter Twenty-five:
The Global Crisis, 1921-1941
Replacing the League of Nations

10 year moratorium on war ships

Kellogg-Briand Pact



Debts and Diplomacy
Dawes Plan



What did this say?
What did this do?
“It would have made equal sense for the U.S. to have taken
money out of one drawer in the Treasury and put it into another.”
Economic Expansion in Latin America


U.S. was giving large loans to L.A. countries
Also having trouble paying it back
Hoover and the World Crisis

Roosevelt Corollary Repudiated

Euro countries began to default on their loans

Musolini in Italy, Hitler in Germany, Stalin in Soviet Union

Japan invades Manchuria, attacks China
JOSEPH STALIN
• Replaced Lenin as leader of the
USSR
• “purged” his country of capitalism
• Created state-run farms and
factories
• Forced industrialization of the
USSR with “Five Year Plans”
• Police state and “purges”
caused death of
8 to 13 MILLION.
http://library.usu.edu/Specol/digitalexhibits/masaryk/stalin.html

Appeals to WWI veterans

Advocates a strong, centralized
govt. under a dictator
= fascism

Opposed to communism

Formed a militia called
“black-shirts”

Seized total control of Italy
through force and
intimidation
“Il Duce”
http://americanhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/printable/section.asp?id=9&sub=1
BENITO MUSSOLINI
Veteran of WWI
Joins the National Socialist
German Workers Party (Nazi)
HOW DID THE
GLOBAL
DEPRESSION
HELP HITLER??
Extreme Nationalist
Purity of the Aryan race
Expansion of the
German state
Publishes Mein Kampf
(My Struggle) while in
prison
Elected Chancellor in
1933; quickly dissolves
Wiemar Republic; declares
the Third Reich
http://www.mnstate.edu/shoptaug/hitler2.jpg
http://www.internetweekly.org/images/hitler_in_shorts.jpg
ADOLF HITLER
Depression Diplomacy

FDR’s Bombshell Message


U.S. Recognizes Soviet Union


He wanted to value of the dollar to FALL….WHY??
Relationship soon sours once again
“Good Neighbor” Policy in L.A.

“No state shall have the right to intervene in the
internal or external affairs of another.” – Sec. of
State Cordell Hull
7
Isolation and Internationalism

The Rise of Isolationism
 Many Americans wanted to be isolationists
 Neutrality Acts
 *Cash and Carry*
 “Quarantine” Speech after Manchurian Invasion
– The Failure of Munich
– Hitler invades Rhineland, Austria
– Hitler then takes Sudentenland
– France and Britain let him take it!
 Hitler invades Poland, WWII has begun
 “Appeasement”
8
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Inc. All Rights Reserved.
9
10
Neutrality Tested

Neutrality Tested
 Cash-and-Carry
 Fall of France
 US begins to help England
 Burke-Wadsworth
Act/crumbling neutrality
 First peacetime draft in
U.S. history
11

The Campaign of 1940



Both men ran on anti-war campaigns
FDR Reelected
Neutrality Abandoned
 “Lend-Lease”
 “Any nation “pivotal to the defense of the U.S.”
 The Atlantic Charter
 Mutual statement of war aims for U.S. and Britain
15
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Inc. All Rights Reserved.
16
© 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc. All Rights Reserved.
17
Atlantic Charter

In brief, the eight points were:
1. no territorial gains sought by the United States or
the United Kingdom,
2. territorial adjustments must conform to the people
involved,
3. people have right to choose own government,
4. trade barriers lowered,
5. there must be disarmament,
6. there must be freedom from want and fear,
7. there must be freedom of the seas,
8. there must be an association of nations.
From Neutrality to Intervention

The Road to Pearl Harbor
 Tripartite Pact
 Japanese Assets Frozen
 What are Japan’s choices?
 Gen. Hideki Tojo takes over
 Pearl Harbor Attacked
 Dec. 7, 1941
 2,400 dead, 1,000 wounded
The USS Arizona sinks after the
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, December
71941 (CORBIS / Royalty-Free)
© 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc. All Rights Reserved.
20
Pearl Harbor Documentary

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZFKPLxjq8c

Please answer the corresponding questions while
watching the video
23
He CAN'T Forget Pearl Harbor--Can You?
He CAN'T Forget Pearl Harbor-Can You?
This World War II poster encourages
support for the U.S. war effort by
pointing to one soldier's disabilities
that resulted from Japan's attack on
Pearl Harbor. (Library of Congress)
Containing the Japanese

Japan is expanding at a rapid pace

Gen. Douglas MacArthur is pushed
out of the Philippines
 “I shall return”

April 1942, Doolittle air raids Tokyo
and other cities

Japanese realize they aren’t invincible

Allies finally stop the Japanese advance at
Battle of Coral Sea

Americans score a victory at
Guadalcanal
Battle of Midway

June 1942, Admiral
Chester Nimitz found out
that 110 Japanese ships
were moving toward
Midway, then Hawaii

Americans surprised the
Japanese and scored a
HUGE victory

322 planes, four
AIRCRAFT CARRIERS, and
a cruiser destroyed

Americans “avenged Pearl
Harbor”
Island Hopping
What is it?
Why did America do it?
Chapter Twenty-six:
America in a World at War
World War II in the Pacific
29
© 2011, The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All Rights
Battle of
Stalingrad
Operation Barbarossa:
August 1942-February 1943
330,000 Germans invade, only
91,000 survive/POWs
Soviets suffer 1,250,000 military and
civilian casualties.
SIGNIFICANCE: Turning point of
war on Eastern Front
Stalingrad
WWII: European Theatre ACT I
1942 & 1943: War in
the Atlantic
Allied Convoys v. “Wolf
pack” of German UBoats
1942: Allies turn the
tide
Halt Germans at El
Alemein and Stalingrad
11/1942 - 5/1943:
North Africa
Campaign
Rommel & Patton
6/1943: Invasion of
Italy
Surrender of Italy,
Mussolini executed
•Allies invade the “soft underbelly” of
Europe
•After months of fighting, Allies are able to
push the Germans out
•Mussolini is arrested, shot and hung in
Milan square
The Allies on the Offensive in Europe, 1942-1945
The United States pursued a "Europe first" policy: first defeat Germany, then focus on Japan. American military efforts began in
North Africa in late 1942 and ended in Germany in 1945 on May 8 (V-E Day).
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
America and the Holocaust

Moral Failure
 By 1942, the U.S. had
intelligence of the genocide

America deemed it
unfeasible to:




Destroy RRs
Destroy crematoria
Accept Jewish refugees
Laborers at Buchenwald, 1945
(CORBIS / Royalty-Free)
Thought this would be a
distraction
34
Liberation of the Death Camps
“We started smelling a terrible
odor and suddenly we were at the
concentration camp at Landsberg.
Forced the gate and faced hundreds
of starving prisoners… We saw
emancipated men whose thighs
were smaller than our wrists many
had bones sticking through their
skin…Also we saw hundreds of
burned and naked bodies….That
evening I wrote to my wife that “For
this is the first time I truly realized
the evil of Hitler and why this war
had to be waged.”
- Robert Johnson
http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/wiki/images/thumb/6/6f/250px-NaziConcentrationCamp.gif
Band of Brothers – Liberation of Death Camps
WWII: European Theatre
ACT II
6/6/1944: D-Day – Normandy
Allies, Patton, Liberation of Paris, Soviet Advance
12/16/1944: Battle of the Bulge
German Counter-Offensive, Siege of Bastogne
4/1945: The Bitter End
Soviet and American forces meet at Elbe
Berlin Falls, Hitler commits suicide
FDR dies, Truman
5/8/1945: V-E Day
Operation Overlord: D-Day June 6, 1944
3 million allied soldiers, 4,600 vessels
Beachheads: UTAH, OMAHA / GOLD, JUNO, SWORD
Eisenhower at D-Day
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
http://www.usma.edu/bicentennial/history/history_1950on.asp
Gen. George S. Patton
•Dec. 1944 - Jan. 1945
•Last ditch attempt
by Hitler
•Created a “bulge” in
the line
•Germans lost
120,000 men, 600
tanks, 1,600 planes
•They could not
replenish these
numbers
http://www.ndu.edu/inss/books/Books%20-%201998/Military%20Geography%20March%2098/milgeoch2.ht
Battle of the Bulge
V-E Day: Victory in Europe Day



Allies invaded Germany
Hitler commits suicide to avoid
disgrace on April 29
Germany gives unconditional
surrender on May 8, 1945
Americans gain in pacific

Then they regain the
Philippines after Battle of
Leyte Gulf


“People of the Philippines: I
have returned”
Japanese test out their
Kamikaze method
Iwo Jima and Okinawa
Iwo Jima and Okinawa

Iwo Jima



6,000 marines killed
20,500 Japanese killed
Okinawa



1,900 Kamikaze attacks
7,600 Americans killed
110,000 Japanese killed
Americans did not want to
invade Japan….why not??
The Manhattan Project


Best kept secret of the war
Creation of an atomic bomb

Truman didn’t even know
about it!

J. Robert Oppenheimer
lead the research in New
Mexico

Tested in N. Mexico, could
see flash from 180 miles
away!
Hiroshima and nagasaki


Should they use the bomb?
Drop it on an empty island?
August 6 – dropped on
Hiroshima

Reasons to use it:

August 9 – dropped on
Nagasaki

Approximately 200,000 people
killed from the blasts

“I cannot bear to see my
innocent people suffer any
longer”





1. Nothing less than dropping
it on a city would convince
them
2.The test might be a dud
3. Might shoot down the
delivery plane or move
American POWs to the island
USA warned Japanese of
“prompt and utter
destruction”.


- Emperor Hirohito
Sept. 2 – Japanese surrender
aboard the Missouri
hiroshima
nagasaki
“ They say temperatures of
7,000 degrees centigrade hit
me…Nobody there looked like
human beings…Humans had
lost the ability to speak. People
couldn’t scream, “It hurts!”
even when they were on fire.
People with their legs wrenched
off. Without heads. Or with
faces burned and swollen out of
shape. The scene I saw was a
living hell.”
- Yamaoko Michiko
Origins of the Cold War

Sources of SovietAmerican Tension

America’s Postwar Vision

Democratic relationships, not
colonialism

Wartime Diplomacy

Tehran Conference


Nov. 1943
FDR promised a second front in West
Stalin promised war against Japan

What about Poland??

Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill on
portico of Russian Embassy in Teheran,
during conference -- Nov. 28 - Dec. 1,
1943
53
Yalta

Feb 1945

United Nations Established

Disagreements over Poland
Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin at Yalta, Feb. 1945.
Agreed to “free and unfettered elections”
 Germany would be split into four “zones of occupation”


Problems of the Yalta Accords
Loose principles established, toughest problems sidestepped
 April 12, 1945 – FDR suffers a stroke and dies

54
The Collapse of Peace

The Failure of Potsdam



Limited American Leverage
Why didn’t U.S. have leverage?
Germany basically split into East and
West Germany…
Harry Truman

The China Problem and Japan


Chiang Kai-shek
Japan Restored
56
(Library of Congress)
The Collapse of Peace

The Containment Doctrine




Truman Doctrine
Primarily helped Greece and Turkey
What are the criticisms of this? Consider both extremes..
The Marshall Plan

Why?......
Humanitarian concerns
 Fear of an economic drain
 Desire for strong Euro market
 Fear of communism


“I believe that it must be
the policy of the United
States to support free
peoples who are resisting
attempted subjugation by
armed minorities or by
outside pressures.”
 - Harry Truman
 $13 billion in aid to Europe
 Industrial production increased, soviet influence
decreased
57
The Collapse of Peace

Mobilization at Home


Development of H-Bomb
The National Security Act of 1947
Who’s power does this expand?
 Dept. of Defense
 CIA
 National Security Council


The Road to NATO
Berlin Airlift
What was this? Why was it needed?
This led to the Warsaw Pact

Reevaluating Cold War Policy


58
Containment Expanded
China becomes communist, Russia fires a nuclear bomb…
59
Divided Europe after World War II
From World War to Cold War Wrap-up

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HpYCplyBknI
America After the War

The Election of 1948
 Divided Democratic Party
 Truman’s Stunning Victory
61
The Korean War

The Divided Peninsula
How did Korea become divided?
 Communists in the North
 Syngman Rhee in control of S. Korea


United Nations intervenes


Why didn’t the U.S.S.R. oppose
this invasion?
Douglas MacArthur is given control
of the U.N. troops
62
Korean War

Amphibious landing at
Inchon


American marching North


Cuts off supplies from
Koreans on the Pusan
Peninsulas
Take Pyongyang
China intervenes
Korean War

From Invasion to Stalemate
 Truman-MacArthur Controversy
 What was this about?
 What ended up happening to
MacArthur?
 July, 1953 – Armistice
– Limited Mobilization
 Rising Insecurity and Frustration
 140,000 Americans died
 New fears of communism
spreading
Douglas MacArthur
(CORBIS / Royalty-Free)
64
The Crusade Against Subversion

HUAC


House Un-American Activities Committee
The “Hollywood Ten”
 What happened with them?

Alger Hiss

Illegally leaked State Dept. papers
Convicted of perjury
Who did this case help? Who did it hurt?


How Communism Works, 1938
65
The Crusade Against Subversion

The Federal Loyalty Program


McCarran Internal Security Act


What was the purpose of this program?
All communists must register with the government and publish their
records
Growing Fear of Subversion
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg sentenced
to death
 What did they do?

66
McCarthyism

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hyBiSk97
Hag

Claimed to know 205 communists in the
govt.

Was adored for his fearless assaults on govt.

What political effect did this have on
America?
The Republican Revival
•
Why was the Dem. Party
struggling?
•
Eisenhower Elected
• chose Nixon was his V.P.
•
Ran on a platform of anti-communism and
solving the Korean conflict
Dwight D. Eisenhower
(CORBIS / Royalty-Free)
68